About the New Year holiday. Synopsis of the lesson on the topic "history of the holiday" new year "Brief history of the emergence of the New Year holiday for preschoolers

New Year- the most ancient holiday celebrated by many pagan peoples.

The ancient peoples used to celebrate the New Year not in winter, but in spring. It was customary to count the New Year from March; it coincided with the beginning of the revival of nature. The ancients also gave each other gifts during these days. In ancient Rome, for example, they gave each other fruits covered with gilding and copper coins. In ancient Egypt, the New Year was celebrated in general in the summer (in mid-July), with the rising of the sacred star Sirius. At this time, the Nile River overflowed and flooded the fields. The first season of the ancient Egyptian year - "akhet" began. The flooding of the Nile was a real holiday for the Egyptians, because the drought was a terrible disaster. When celebrating the New Year, the ancient Egyptians filled special vessels with "holy water" from the overflowing Nile, which was considered miraculous. Pharaohs canceled all work at this time, and the Egyptians went to visit friends and relatives.

The Slavs began counting the New Year from the day winter solstice December 22 or March 1. They associated the beginning of the New Year with the deity Kolyada and celebrated the beginning of spring. An indispensable attribute of this holiday was the fire of a bonfire, depicting the light of the sun. Children walked around the yards, sang carols, dressed up as a goat, a cow and other animals that embodied fertility. The main dish of the pagan New Year was the loaf.

The ancient Celts celebrated the New Year when they finished work in the field, after the harvest, in the fall (from October 31 to November 1). The Celts called their New Year "Samhain" or "Samhain" and celebrated it at night. Today this holiday is called Halloween and is celebrated at the same time. The Celts believed that on this night the border between the ordinary world and the world of spirits opens. Only on this night spirits can enter the world of people, and people can enter the world of spirits. The spirits were hostile to people, so the ancient Celts believed that no one should be alone on this night. They all gathered together, feasted, sang, trying to drive away the ghosts with laughter, noise, music and lights.

The custom of celebrating the New Year in winter was finally established in Europe only in the 17th century. In France, since 1654, by order of King Charles IX, January 1 was considered the beginning of the year. In other European countries, this happened in the 16th century. (in Germany) and the 18th century. (in England). In Russia, traditionally, the beginning of the year was considered the first spring month - March, then the New Year was celebrated. By the Decree of Peter the Great, the European calendar was introduced, according to which the New Year began to begin on January 1. Therefore, the shortest was 1699. Tsar Peter ordered his subjects to celebrate the New Year, as in Holland and other countries. Western Europe: decorate Christmas trees in houses, decorate the gates of their houses with fir and juniper branches, congratulate each other, fire cannons and arrange feasts.

However, there is another holiday in Russia - Old New Year. Where did this tradition come from? After the October Revolution in February 1918, Russia switched to the Gregorian calendar, after February 1, the calendar immediately jumped to February 14. It turned out that old style lagged behind the new one by thirteen days. And when thirteen days have passed after the New Year according to the new calendar, someone decided to once again celebrate the New Year according to the old style. The tradition took root, and the holiday was called the Old New Year. Such a holiday exists only in our country.

Any New Year is not complete without Santa Claus, a decorated Christmas tree and gifts. Where did this fairy-tale character come from? The prototype of the modern Santa Claus is considered to be a real person named Nicholas, who was born in the 3rd century. in Asia Minor (on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea) in a wealthy family. This man decided to devote himself to the service of God and became a bishop. Nikolai was a rich man and always helped the poor, sick, unfortunate, and especially took care of children. They said that once Nikolai helped a very poor family, in which there were three girls. They lived so poorly that their father wanted to give the girls to strangers for upbringing. Nikolai heard about this and felt sorry for the children. One night he sneaked into the house, stuffed a bag of coins into the chimney. The girls' darned stockings and their old shoes were drying by the stove. Waking up in the morning, the girls saw their stockings and shoes filled with gold coins. After the death of Nicholas, they began to be considered a saint, Christians told many amazing stories about him. Since then, a custom has developed on Christmas Eve: children put their shoes on the threshold at night, hang stockings by the bed or the fireplace, waiting for gifts from St. Nicholas. Later, the saint turned into Santa Claus for American kids ( american artist Thomas Knight in 1860 adorned Santa Claus with a lush white beard, since then his familiar image has appeared), Peer Noel for French children and Santa Claus for Russian children.

In those days, all the most fashionable came from France, and the custom of celebrating the New Year with Santa Claus penetrated into Russia from there. Our Grandfather Frost had a granddaughter Snegurochka at the end of the 19th century. thanks to the play-fairy tale by A. N. Ostrovsky. Only the playwright Snegurochka has a daughter, and in the folk tradition she is the granddaughter of Santa Claus. Santa Clauses even have an official place of residence. So, our Santa Claus lives in Veliky Ustyug, where his residence is. But the inhabitants of the Scandinavian countries believe that their Santa Claus lives in Lapland in the small town of Ramaniemi on the Arctic Circle itself. Lapland was officially declared the Land of Santa Claus in 1984. Letters to the international Santa Claus should be sent to the address: Finland, 96930, Arctic Circle.

New Year traditions

Each nation has its own traditions and customs of celebrating the New Year. V different countries ah, the world treats the New Year in different ways. So, in Europe, it is not customary to celebrate the New Year in all countries. For example, the UK only celebrates Christmas because it is considered the most significant event of the year. On New Year's Eve, the British do not invite guests, but if someone comes, they are greeted very warmly and benevolently, especially if he brought a log with him. Yes, an ordinary log. It's like wishing the house peace, warmth, and kindness.

But the Scots, unlike the British, are very fond of celebrating the New Year. There is even unusual tradition: with the first sound of the clock, the owners open the doors of the house wide and close it only with the last blow. It is believed that at this time the old year leaves the house, and the New Year comes. According to legend, if a woman entered the house first on New Year's, expect failures and troubles. Therefore, the Scots immediately go to their friends in order to bring a holiday, goodness, prosperity to the house with their arrival.

In Finland, it is not Santa Claus who gives gifts, but the Christmas goat, who comes to the holiday in a red shaggy fur coat and with a magic book, where all children's pranks and pranks are recorded.

There is no snow in Cuba, no trees grow there, but the New Year is celebrated. In this warm country there is a custom to celebrate the New Year with water. Before the New Year, it is customary to fill all the dishes in the house with water, and immediately after midnight, all the prepared water is thrown onto the street. And the running streams mark a joyful and successful year. In the meantime, the chimes are striking, Cubans must certainly eat 12 grapes - for luck!

In Italy, it is very peculiar to celebrate the New Year. On this day, all old furniture is thrown out of houses. This is done in order not to take with you in New Year old troubles, misfortunes. Trash is thrown right out of the windows onto the street: the more junk thrown away, the more happiness there will be in the new year. Fairy Befana gives gifts to children. She, like Santa Claus, enters the house through the chimney and leaves gifts for the children, which she puts in shoes and stockings. Naughty children only get a handful of ash.

Always reserved Austrians in new year's eve turn into children who believe in predictions and fortune-telling. Traditionally in new Year's Eve everyone, young and old, buys pewter figurines, melts them in a spoon over a candle fire, and pours the molten tin onto a small plate. Then everyone carefully examines the figurines made from molten tin, and learns what awaits them in the new year. It's best if you can get a good look at the sun or a pointed hat - that's a good omen. The most bad sign the figure "13" is considered. I saw the figure - expect trouble.

In Bulgaria, with the last strike of the clock, the lights are turned off for 3 minutes. It's New Year's kissing time.

In Norway, before the striking clock, the whole family writes their new year wishes on pieces of paper. The first strike of the clock is a signal! Here you really need not to hesitate and set fire to the papers! If they burn out to the last blow, then everyone kisses whoever he likes, and the kiss itself remains a secret for all other people.

In Cambodia, it is customary to build mounds of sand on New Year's. Each grain of sand on the hill is the forgiveness of one wrong deed.

Inhabitants of Easter Island believe that the New Year brings the swallow's egg. The one of the inhabitants of the island, who is the first to find it, solemnly announces: "New Year has come." On this day, the inhabitants of the island give up all their affairs and rush in search of the coveted trophy.

There is no snow in Australia, and even less trees, and the local Santa Claus appears on the largest beach in Sydney not on a reindeer sleigh, but on a decorated New Year's surfboard (board for swimming on the waves). From the traditional attributes of Santa, he has a white beard and a red riding hood with a pompom at the end. Tanned Santa Claus in bright multicolored swimming trunks is an exotic sight.

A funny tradition to celebrate the New Year with the Belgians from the province of Namur. They celebrate this holiday at ... playing cards, similar to our fool. They play everywhere: in a cafe, diner, restaurant. The winner gets a very appetizing big bun made of butter dough in the shape of an angel. The bun is covered with icing and powdered sugar. Sometimes, instead of a bun, a 30 cm long chocolate log is presented as a reward.

In many countries, there are traditional New Year's dishes. For example, in France, a holiday is not a holiday if fried turkey in white wine, goose liver pate, champagne and cheese are not served. In Denmark, a goose (or duck) stuffed with apples is served on the festive table. In Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, on the contrary, poultry is not served at the New Year's table. It is believed that you cannot eat a bird this evening - happiness will fly away. New Year's Eve in Holland is not complete without salty beans. And in Austria, in order for happiness to accompany the whole year, at the New Year's table, you certainly need to eat a piece of meat, and in order not to transfer money, you need to taste green peas, and if all dishes are seasoned with horseradish, then no diseases this year you are afraid. But in no case should there be crayfish on the table! Their unusual way traveling backwards will not bring good luck in the new year.

In many countries New Year's table can't do without grapes. Grapes, nuts, lentils are served on New Year's Eve in Italy as well, as a symbol of longevity, health and well-being.

In Poland, it is customary to prepare twelve dishes for the New Year, but there should not be anything from meat. The highlight of the program is carp, a symbol of prosperity and well-being.

In Romania, Australia, Bulgaria, housewives bake New Year's pies with a surprise (coin, nut, pepper pod).

In Japan, they prepare special New Year's cold snacks "o-sechi-riori". It is believed that a combination of cold beans, rice, rice cakes, fresh and canned vegetables will bring wealth and prosperity to your home. Long pasta is the personification of longevity, rice is a symbol of abundance.

In China, jiao-tzu (this is something like our dumplings) and yu (fish) are always served. In Cambodia, a festive New Year's table is set near the window so that Baba Zhara (Cambodian Santa Claus) can taste sweets.

In Norway, before the New Year, it is customary to take care of the smaller brothers. Before going to bed on New Year's Eve, the kids hang troughs full of wheat grains outside the window, and put a bowl of oatmeal in a nursery for a horse or foal. In Norway, it is believed that gifts from Santa Claus are brought by a dwarf, he must reinforce his strength with delicacies left by the children.

How many peoples, so many customs. The main thing is that people all over the world love this wonderful holiday- New Year.

A magical New Year ... His expectation is the expectation of a fairy tale, a new stage of life, new beginnings. And both children and adults are subject to this wonderful feeling. This extraordinary day is one of the most significant of the year, without exaggeration the most big holiday... And in order to truly understand why all this pre-New Year fuss, all these smart people, generous tables, sparkling Christmas trees and garlands, it is worth knowing the history of this holiday. The story of the New Year is especially important for children who are looking forward to it with special impatience and are always open to new knowledge. Having learned the history of this celebration, the kids will prepare for it with even greater trepidation and wait for that very miracle in which we all want to believe ...

Surely, this is also the most favorite holiday for children. After the birthday, of course. But a birthday is a personal holiday of a birthday person, and New Year's euphoria covers everyone around, is in the air, so this night seems so fabulous.

Nobody knows the exact date of the commencement of its celebration. In addition to being the most popular, it is also the most ancient holiday. And they began to celebrate it even when people noticed that the seasons are changing, summer comes after spring, autumn after summer, and so on in a circle. But this cycle must have a beginning!

The ancient inhabitants of Russia noticed that after a long frosty winter, nature revives, revives, and decided that this is the beginning of the year, which is why the New Year was originally celebrated on March 1. Later, they began to celebrate it in early autumn - September 1, when all the main field and garden work was completed. The autumn New Year's holiday came to Russia after the adoption of Christianity.

Each nation has its own traditions, and the ancient Egyptians celebrated the New Year at the time when the Nile flooded, because they always suffered from drought and the flooding of the Nile was a real blessing for farmers.

The ancient Celts, one of the forefathers of modern Europeans, celebrated the New Year at the end of October, when all gardening work had already been completed, daylight hours were shortening, nature froze, preparing for winter. They believed that on this day the door to the world of spirits opens, and they can enter the world of the living. The Celts believed that the spirits were hostile towards the living, therefore they drove them away from their homes with bonfires and torches. The Celts themselves gathered in groups and organized noisy festivities - is it true that in some way this tradition resembles the modern celebration of the New Year?

It is worth noting that today the New Year is celebrated in different countries in different ways, not everywhere it is celebrated on the night of the thirty-first to the first.

The final modern date of the celebration was approved by Peter the Great at the beginning of the eighteenth century, namely in 1700.

The fact is that Peter the First tried to adopt many customs from Europeans, therefore the date of the New Year's celebration came to us from Europe. In addition to the date, he also adopted the tradition of decorating the Christmas tree with balls and garlands. But more on that later.

By his decree, Peter the Great ordered to get together and celebrate the onset of the beginning of the year, and also to fire cannons. Such shooting became the prototype of modern fireworks, without which not a single major celebration, including New Year's Eve, can do.

In Europe, the tradition of celebrating the beginning of the year on January 1 was introduced by the ancient Roman ruler Julius Caesar, along with his new calendar, which was later called Julian.

In ancient Rome, the two-faced Janus, an ancient Roman deity, was revered on this day. People made sacrifices to him, it was customary to start new businesses - hence our modern tradition of planning new achievements at the beginning of the year.

The two-faced Janus is so named because he had two faces: one of them looked to the past, and the second to the future, therefore his image symbolizes the line between two years.

Also, the first month of the year, January, was named in honor of Janus.

But back to our ancestors - the Slavs. During the period when they celebrated the beginning of the year in spring, they also had a winter holiday - Kolyada. It was celebrated not for one day, but as many as ten - it began on December 25 and ended on January 6.

The reason for this celebration was the beginning of an increase in daylight hours, after all, the shortest day of the year is December 21 - the day of the winter solstice, after which the day begins to gradually increase, and the night - to decrease. Apparently on this basis, our ancestors determined the time of the New Year. Such changes in the length of daylight hours indicated that winter is not eternal, there is not so much left until spring, which means that nature will begin to come to life again, a new countdown will begin.

Today is December 25th - Christmas in Western countries, and January 6th - Christmastide, after which comes our Christmas, and then the Old New Year. New Year and Christmas holidays practically merged into one and the entire period from late December to mid-January or even before Epiphany - one great reason for fun, in order to visit, give each other gifts, congratulate each other with warm words.

New Year traditions

This is something that is repeated from year to year, bringing a special mood to the holiday, this is the very fabulous expectation, because the child knows that a gift awaits him under the Christmas tree or in a boot - this is a tradition.

Each nation has its own, and traditions change over time. In some countries, they are quite interesting and unusual for us. For example, many are aware of the Italians' habit of throwing out everything old and unnecessary on New Year's Eve through the window, including such large-sized items as furniture, so in Italy at night it is better not to walk under the windows) For Italians themselves, this is a reason to free up space in the house for something new.

At the neighbors of the Italians - the Spaniards, it is customary to eat 12 grapes under the chimes - one berry for each beat of the clock. Such a custom, in their opinion, brings good luck and prosperity for the next 12 months. The first time the Spaniards began to consume grapes in a year, when there were too many of these berries, but the tradition has taken root and has existed for more than a hundred years.

There is also an interesting custom in Bulgaria, where after the chiming clock the lights are turned off and everyone kisses.

The head of a family in Greece on New Year's Eve goes out into the courtyard and smashes a ripe pomegranate against the wall. It is believed that scattered grains symbolize prosperity and happiness in the previous year, which means that the more, the better.

Guests in Greece bring a stone with them as a gift to the hosts. Moreover, the larger and heavier the stone, the better, because it symbolizes the owners' wallet next year.

We have New Year's traditions, though not so exotic, but pleasant and familiar. Even children know that on New Year's Eve it is customary to generously set the table, invite guests or go to visit friends and relatives themselves. Also, on New Year's Eve, they try to pay off all debts, forgive all offenses in order to enter the next year with a clear soul and conscience.

And everyone associates the New Year with the aroma of tangerines, delicious chocolates, bright garlands and firecrackers - and this is also essentially a tradition that repeats from year to year.

Another pleasant New Year's tradition is to decorate the Christmas tree. The whole family takes part in this action, such activities bring relatives very close, create a special atmosphere in the house.

New Year Symbols

There are many images, objects that are associated with the main winter holiday and you can endlessly talk about all of them. In addition, every country and even every family may have their own new year symbols... Let's consider only the main ones, but the most important ones: a fluffy elegant Christmas tree and the kind Grandfather Frost with his granddaughter Snegurochka.

Herringbone

It is difficult to imagine winter celebrations without this fragrant tree. Round dances are performed around it, children find gifts under it, and its elegant branches delight the eyes of the whole family.

As already mentioned above, Peter the Great introduced the tradition of decorating the house with coniferous branches, having adopted it from the Europeans. The very same Christmas tree in the house began to be brought much later - already in the days of the Soviet Union.

But in fact, long before the reign of Peter, our ancestors decorated the tree for Christmas. It is this tree that is considered the progenitor of the modern Christmas tree.

Then there were no shiny balls and garlands, initially there were only apples and candles on the Christmas tree. Later on the tree began to hang sweets and nuts for children, and then various decorations.

Today, a fragrant Christmas tree or pine is increasingly being replaced with an artificial tree, which is to some extent correct, because every year for the New Year's celebrations many trees have to be cut down, which later turn out to be thrown into the garbage, although they could decorate the forest and produce oxygen for a long time.

But there is an alternative for those who love nature, but do not accept artificial trees - christmas trees in pots. The pleasure is not cheap, but celebration atmosphere, the familiar pine scent in the home is ensured, while the tree remains alive.

Grandfather Frost with the Snow Maiden

Familiar to every child from the very early age... Not a single matinee can do without them, they are eagerly awaited, because the fabulous grandfather and his granddaughter do not come empty-handed - they give the kids gifts, sweets, fruits in gratitude for the verse told or the song sung.

Historians are still arguing about the origin of the image of Santa Claus, there are several versions, but one thing is certain - this fabulous image. But this is not the main thing, the main thing is that he pleases the children from year to year.

But with the origin of the Snow Maiden, everything is not so difficult. The first time they wrote about her was in a fairy-tale play and I liked this image so much that over time it gained popularity and is relevant to this day.

It is interesting that different countries have their own Santa Clauses and they are called differently, but their essence is the same - this is a kind old man who brings gifts to children.

And here's a little more about the symbols in the video:

New Year and children

Winter holidays are traditionally considered a family one; it is customary to celebrate them with the family. It is also better to prepare for the New Year's fun together. Let the children still not succeed and the Christmas tree and the child have to be decorated longer than usual, and the salad that the daughter helped to make is not as well-dressed and neat as in previous years, but the sensations that you gave the kids by joint preparation are priceless. Thanks to such activities, they are passed on from generation to generation. New Year's traditions, the main one of which is to gather the whole family under one roof to jointly celebrate the main holiday of the year!

From the history of the holiday New Year

Our Slavic ancestors kept track of the years by seasons. The year began on the first day of spring - March 1, when nature came to life and it was necessary to think about the future harvest. In the X century Ancient Russia adopted Christianity, the Byzantine chronology and the Julian calendar. The year was divided into 12 months and given names associated with natural phenomena. March 1 was considered the beginning of the new chronology.

In 1348, a Council took place in Moscow, at which the provision was made to start the year from September, and not from March. And since 1700, according to the decree of Peter I, the New Year in Russia is celebrated, as in other European countries, on January 1 (according to the Julian calendar). But only starting from 1919, the New Year's holiday in Russia began to be celebrated in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. From 1930 to 1947, January 1 in the USSR was an ordinary working day. And since 1947, January 1 has become a holiday and a day off. Since 2005, in Russia from January 1 to January 5, new year holidays(earlier - only 1st and 2nd) and these days were declared non-working, and taking into account weekends and Christmas - the official holiday- weekend lasts 10 days.

If you ask what is your favorite holiday after your birthday, you will probably answer: New Year. This is a holiday when you are not forced to go to bed early, but are seated at the table with the adults. This is a holiday when you are looking forward to the end of the chiming clock in order to throw yourself under the tree and see what kind of surprise Santa Claus has prepared for you. New Year is a vacation with mom and dad, these are sweets and tangerines, this is winter fun... New Year is the most favorite holiday in our country. Both adults and children love him. New Year is a holiday with fluffy white snow outside the window, the smell of fir branches, sparkling colorful toys and tinsel, compulsory fireworks, gifts, as well as with an elegant Santa Claus and the beautiful Snegurochka. We have been waiting for him for a long time, and when the chimes strike at midnight on December 31, we rejoice in the new year, hoping for better times, and we are sad, seeing off the outgoing year.

The first day of the year is one of the main holidays for many nations. In European countries, the new year begins on January 1. In countries where the lunar or lunisolar calendar is adopted, the New Year falls on different dates of the solar year.

Now let's see how this happy holiday is celebrated in other countries.

England... In addition to the tree, the house is decorated with sprigs of mistletoe. English Santa Claus is called Santa Claus.

Italy. On New Year's Eve, it is customary to get rid of old things, old furniture and other rubbish. New Year is a symbol of renewal.

France... French Santa Claus - Père Noel - leaves gifts not under the tree, like ours, but in the shoes hanging and standing by the fireplace. On New Years, a bean is baked into a pie. And whoever gets it gets the title of "bean king", and on a festive night everyone obeys his orders.

Sweden. On New Year's Eve, children choose the Queen of the World, Lucia. She is dressed up in White dress and a crown with burning candles. Lucia brings gifts to children and treats to pets.

Bulgaria... When people gather at festive table, in all houses the lights are extinguished for three minutes. These minutes are called "minutes of New Year's kisses", the secret of which is kept by the darkness.

Cuba. Before the onset of the new year, the inhabitants of the country fill all the jugs, buckets, basins and bowls that are in the house with water. At midnight, water is poured out of the windows. So they wish the outgoing year a path as bright as water. While the clock strikes 12 times, it is necessary to eat 12 grapes, and then goodness, harmony, prosperity and peace will accompany a person all year.

Japan... Here, on New Year's Eve, bells are rung 8 times. Each blow of the bell corresponds to one of the vices. According to the Japanese, there are six of them: greed, stupidity, anger, frivolity, indecision and envy, but each vice has 18 different shades. This in total amounts to 10 times the bell beats.

Traditions of celebrating the New Year in Russia

There are quite a few traditions of celebrating the New Year in Russia. From the times of Slavic paganism, we got mummers, buffoons and jesters. The epoch of Peter the Great and the following centuries introduced into the tradition of the holiday a New Year tree with toys, fireworks and a New Year's table with Olivier salad, vinaigrette stuffed with goose or duck, Santa Claus with Snow Maiden, obligatory champagne with tangerines on the table and chimes on the Kremlin's Spasskaya Tower.

In your home, your mother or grandmother will most likely take care of the New Year's table. It will be nice if you also take part in the preparation of the festive table. And participate in the decoration Christmas tree and the rooms are great fun. When decorating a Christmas tree, first of all, they hang an electric garland with bulbs (but not homemade - they don’t joke with fire!), Then toys: first large, then small. Do not hang jewelry of the same shape and color next to each other. Last of all, they put a spire on the top of the tree and throw a shiny "rain".

Christmas tree

It is not known exactly when the first Christmas tree appeared in Russia. But, most likely, the first Christmas trees appeared in the middle of the 19th century in the houses of St. Petersburg Germans. Living in a foreign land, they have not forgotten their traditions and habits, ceremonies and rituals.

Following the Germans, Christmas trees were also erected for children in the Russian houses of the St. Petersburg nobility. They were decorated with wax candles and lanterns, flowers and ribbons, nuts, apples and sweets. Initially, on New Year's Eve, the tree stood for one day, then these periods lengthened more and more: two days, three, until Epiphany or until the end of Christmastide. There was a period in our history when the tree was even banned. But since December 31, 1935, she again entered the homes of Russians and to this day is a symbol of "a joyful and happy childhood in our country."

DIY Christmas toys

You will need: a needle and thread, scissors, an awl, glue (it is better to take PVA - when it dries, it becomes transparent), sparkles, colored paper, wrapping paper, paints and brushes, felt-tip pens, cotton balls, threads, paper clips, multi-colored woolen threads.

The Falling Snow garland can be made of cotton wool. To do this, short strings are tied to a long thin thread at short intervals. Cotton balls are strung on each short thread. At the bottom, so that the balls do not slip off, the thread is greased with glue. This garland can be hung directly on a window or in a doorway.

Wonderful toys are made from eggshells. In a washed raw egg with a thick needle or an awl, carefully make holes on both sides. Blow the contents of the egg into a bowl. We wash the shell with running water and dry it. It can now be used to craft toys. The egg can be painted with paint or felt-tip pens, you can glue to it various parts cut from paper: paws, ears, tails and hats - turning it into a funny little animal or little man: a hare, a chicken, a fish, a matryoshka, a gnome, a penguin. To make it easier to paint eggshell paints, stick a piece of plasticine on a saucer and carefully place the eggshell on it. To prevent the paint from getting dirty, at the end of the work, sprinkle the toy with glitter and spray with hairspray.

If the tree is small, do not overload it with bulky toys. The size of the ornaments gradually decreases from the lower branches to the upper ones. You shouldn't hang too many decorations on the tree - it looks tasteless.

In the old days, various edible decorations were hung on the tree. Why not revive this custom? Try to decorate the tree with edible toys - tangerines, apples, sweets in bright wrappers, walnuts wrapped in gold foil, chocolate medals and other chocolate figurines.

Now let's try to decorate the branches of the Christmas tree and cones with snow. To do this, rub the foam on a grater, grease spruce, pine and cones with transparent glue on them and sprinkle with foam grains. We arrange branches in vases throughout the room. So the atmosphere of a fabulous winter forest has been created.

New Year- the holiday is special also because, in addition to Santa Claus and the Snow Maiden, besides funny Christmas tree decorations, fragrant tangerines and cherished gifts for children, this holiday means the onset of the long-awaited winter break... You just need to think in advance how to spend these short winter days with maximum pleasure and benefit.

And without which it is impossible to imagine traditional winter fun - of course, without snow, ice and frost! True, in last years the weather has become painfully capricious, but still on New Year's days you can still find skating rinks, and snowdrifts, and ice slides.

Thanks to the active propaganda of television, figure skating again became popular. There are more and more skating rinks every year. You just need to learn how to skate and not be afraid of bruises and bumps - the inevitable companions of mastering this sport.

Even just skating is already a great pleasure. And it doesn't matter how well you can do it when a Christmas tree is sparkling in the center of the ice rink, and spotlights and perky music create an atmosphere festive mood... But if you get tired of just cutting round after round, then you can arrange fun competitions.

The game "Engine"

Need pins or plastic bottles filled with water or just snow - so that they are not blown away by the wind. They need to be placed on the ice in one line at a certain distance from each other. The shorter the distance, the more difficult the task. So, we get up in height - in front of the smallest, the next - a little more ... - the last, of course, dad. We put our hands on the shoulders in front of the one standing in front, and - forward! It is necessary to ride a snake around the pins without knocking them down.

Relay game

You need to split into two teams, equal in number of participants and approximately equal in strength. Not only age is taken into account, but also the ability to skate. The start line can be marked with skate covers. We put two pins (plastic bottles) 20-30 meters from the start line for each of the teams. At the start command, the players reach the pin, go around it and return, passing the baton to the next player. The team that completes the task faster wins. The more players there are, the more fun and interesting the relay will be.

Perhaps the most popular winter games are snowballs, sledding, making a snowman, storming a snow fortress. All this, despite its ancient history, is unlikely to bore both your friends and parents.

You can also go skiing with the whole family to the nearest forest park for “ winter tale". This is best done after a heavy snowfall. Here is a "snow leopard" spread on the branches of a pine tree, but some kind of "weevil" is peeping out of a snowdrift, and here you just need to draw your eyes with a ski stick - and you will get a huge "snow toad". You should definitely take a camera for such a walk!

Of course, this is far from all winter fun and games - you yourself can think of a hundred more! You just need to remember about the right clothes... If you sweat in the cold, you can catch a cold. If this happens, go home soon. Don't forget about spare mittens. And the rest - what could be better than an active winter family vacation in the fresh air, filled with wonderful vivid impressions and a sea of ​​positive emotions ?!

Have fun, honest people, winter is coming!

For children up to school age

Project type: informational and practical.

Terms of project implementation: 4 weeks (December 1 - December 26), short term.

Project participants: educators of the group, pupils of the group, parents of pupils, musical director.

Dominant area: cognitive development.

Integration of areas: speech development, social and communicative development, artistic and aesthetic development, physical development.

Relevance : Everyone knows that the most favorite holiday of children is New Year. New Year's bustle, letters to Santa Claus, home decoration, gifts under the Christmas tree, a merry holiday - all this cannot be compared with a birthday. But as a result of a survey conducted by a teacher in the group, it turned out that not only children, but also adults, their parents, know little about the history of the holiday and its traditions, the traditions of celebrating the New Year in other countries. Therefore, we decided to find out as much as possible about this, as well as decorate the group for the New Year. It's no secret that the hardest thing for kids is to wait, and even more so to wait for the holiday. Therefore, one of my tasks was to make this expectation fun, enjoyable and useful for children.

Objective of the project: expanding children's knowledge about winter, about the New Year's holiday, the traditions of celebrating the New Year in different countries, about the symbols of the New Year.

Project objectives:

• to form an idea of ​​\ u200b \ u200bthe New Year's holiday in children, about New Year's customs and traditions in different countries of the world;
• create conditions for children to consciously study the history of the New Year;
• promote the development of imagination, attention, memory and speech of children;
• to design a mini-museum "Fir-tree - beauty";
• create a positive attitude in anticipation of new year holiday, develop the relationship of children, the ability to act in concert, experience the joy of the results of common efforts and joint activities;
• to intensify work with parents, to involve them in participation on the basis of cooperation.

Tasks of working with parents:

• to familiarize parents with the topic, goals, objectives and relevance of this project;
• prepare advisory material for conducting interviews with children;
• motivate for the resource provision of the project;

• encourage joint activities with children on the topic of the project.

Expected Result:

Children have extensive knowledge about the New Year holiday, about the history of the New Year tree, about the tradition of celebrating the holiday in different countries;

Decorated mini-museum "Fir-tree beauty";

Teachers, children and their parents actively cooperate in the process of project activities;

Subject spatial environment in a group contributes to the study of the tradition of the New Year;

A festive mood is created for children and their parents.

Stages of project implementation:

Preparatory stage (November 3-4 weeks):

1. Determination of the problem, purpose and objectives of the project.
2. Informing project participants about the relevance, goals and objectives of the project.
3. Drawing up a plan for the implementation of the main stage of the project.
4. Selection of methodological and fictional literature on the selected topic of the project.
5. Selection of didactic, mobile, role-playing games.
6. Selection of the necessary equipment and manuals for the practical enrichment of the project.
7. Making a "New Year's Holiday Waiting Calendar".

Practical stage (December 1-4 weeks):

Target: familiarizing children with the New Year holiday, expanding children's knowledge about the traditions of celebrating the New Year in different countries.

date	Content of work with children	Content of work with parents	Creation of a subject-developing environment
1st week of December Theme of the week "Winter winter has come to visit us»	Forms of work Conversations:“Winter has come”, “Winter sports”, “Why a severe frost is dangerous”, “Dangerous situations while skating on the ice of the river, from a slide on a sled”. NOD: “Winter. Animal life in winter. " Experimentation:"Turning water into ice." "What will snow or ice melt faster?" K. Balmont "In yards and houses", A. Yakim "First snow", And Surikov "The days have become shorter", "Winter" G. Skribitskaya "Who winters how?", A. Chelurov "It is difficult for birds to winter." Learning a poem about winter: A. Usachev "Snowflakes". Guessing riddles about winter. Finger gymnastics: “Snowball. Productive activity: "Snowflake" (drawing), "Winter in the forest" (application). Listening to a piece of music"Waltz of Snow Flakes" from the ballet "The Nutcracker" (music by P. Tchaikovsky) Outdoor games: "I will freeze", "Who will collect the snowflakes faster", the sports game "Hockey". Physical education: "In winter". Breathing exercises: "Let's blow on a snowflake."	Designing an information corner for parents "Winter winter" (Nischeva N.V. "Materials for decorating a parental corner in a group locker room.) Carrying out the action "Give a book kindergarten»About winter, about the New Year holiday. Memo for parents: "Rules of behavior and safety of children on ice in winter." Consultations for parents: "Family leisure in winter". Participation in the general garden exhibition - competition "Winter Bouquet".	Add to the group "Calendar of expectations of the New Year's holiday". Exhibition of reproductions of paintings, illustrations on the theme "Winter". Exhibition of fiction on the theme "Winter".
2nd week of December Topic of the week: "What is New Year?"	Forms of work: Conversation: "New Year at the Gates". Reading fiction: V. Suteev "Christmas tree", S. Kozlov "Like a hedgehog, a donkey and a bear cub celebrated the New Year", V. Usachev " New year greetings snowman ". Guessing riddles about the New Year. Finger gymnastics: "New Year". Productive activity:"Postcard for the new year." Watching a cartoon about the New Year: "New Year and the Snowman." View presentation about the traditions of celebrating the New Year in different countries "New Year is a holiday every year." Role-playing game:"A family: family celebration New Year". "Letter to Santa Claus"(composing the text of the letter and choosing postcards, drawings for Santa Claus).	Parents' questionnaire: "New Year's holiday in the family." Information and visual materials for parents: "What is New Year's holiday?" Master class: "What crafts to do for the New Year !!!".	Exhibition of fiction on the topic "New Year". Preparing to decorate the group for the New Year (collection Christmas tree decorations, New Year's decorations).
3rd week of December Theme of the week "Herringbone beauty"	Forms of work: Conversation:"Dangerous Lights". Reading fiction: A. Barto “The Christmas tree has come to the children”, G.Kh. Andersen "Yolka", N. Telegin "The Tale of a Little Christmas Tree". Finger gymnastics: Learning a poem: S. Vysheslavtseva "Near the tree". Didactic games: “Let's make beads for the tree”, “Find an extra item on the tree”. Role-playing game: "Shop Christmas toys"," Let's Dress the Christmas Tree ". Productive work:"Herringbone" (modeling), "Our tree" (applique made of cut out palms). Listening and learning songs: Z. Petrova “Our Christmas tree is great”, R. Kudashova “A Christmas tree was born in the forest”.	Contest of hand-made articles "Fir-tree is a beauty". Memo for parents on fire safety measures on New Year's holidays: "Santa Claus and Snow Maiden warn!"	Exhibition of fiction on the topic. « Herringbone beauty » Decorating the group with the results of children's crafts and decorating the Christmas tree. Decoration of the exhibition of handicrafts of children with their parents "Fir-tree beauty".
4th week of December Theme of the week "Santa Claus and Snow Maiden"	Forms of work: Children interview: "What gift do you want to receive for the New Year?" Conversation: "Homeland of Father Frost and Snow Maiden", "Birthday of Father Frost". Reading fiction: M. Moskvin "How Santa Claus was born", V. Suteev "Gift", E. Blaginina "Santa Claus paper". Learning a poem: Z. Aleksandrova "Santa Claus walked through the forest". Finger gymnastics: "Father Frost". Productive activity: "Santa Claus and Snow Maiden" (drawing), "Mitten for Frost" (applique). Learning a round dance: N. Veresokina “Walked merry Father Frost". Conducting a matinee"Christmas story".	Consultations for parents: "How to write a letter to Santa Claus together with a child", "How to prepare a child for the visit of Santa Claus." Making a "bag of wishes" (information for parents about the child's wishes for the New Year holiday). Parents are invited to participate in the New Year's party.	Exhibition of fiction on the topic. Decorating the group with the results of children's crafts. Add lyrics to the music corner on the theme "New Year".

The final stage:

1. Exhibition of the mini-museum "Fir-tree beauty".
2. Show of the presentation "New Year is a holiday every year."
3. Participation in the All-Russian competition of presentations "Holiday New Year".
4. Carrying out a matinee "New Year's Tale".

A story for older preschoolers and younger schoolchildren "New Year: the story of the holiday and children's New Year traditions from around the world"

New Year- the time that everyone is waiting for. Especially children. Tell your child why and how people celebrate the New Year. It is important for children to know their history, because it is from this information that the picture of the world is formed for him. An elegant Christmas tree, a sea of ​​gifts, sparkling snow outside the window and, of course, New Year's traditions. It all fills last month winter magic.

Description: this cognitive material can be used in their work by educators of older groups to familiarize children with the holiday. You can also use the article as part of the lesson. The story will be useful for children of primary school age, their parents and primary school teachers.
Target: To introduce children to the story of the New Year.
Tasks:
- develop cognitive interest;
- to expand children's ideas about the traditions of celebrating the New Year around the world;
-to cultivate respect for folk traditions other people;
- create a festive mood.

The story of the New Year.

New Year - the most beloved holiday for millions of people from different countries. This is one of those few days of the year when almost the whole world prepares gifts for family and friends, decorates the Christmas tree, watches the clock and expects a miracle - the coming of the New Year.
The secret of such popularity is very simple: New Year's midnight is the time when even adults are allowed to believe in miracles. This "resolution" comes from such a depth of centuries, which is difficult for us to imagine. It is believed that the New Year is one of the very first holidays of all mankind.

Earliest documentary evidence date back to the third millennium BC, it is known that the New Year was celebrated in Mesopotamia. Our New Year traditions are at least 5,000 years old.
New Year's Eve comes from Ancient Egypt. For centuries, the Egyptians celebrated the September flood of the Nile River, which marked the beginning of a new planting season and was extremely important, vital important event... Even then, it was customary to arrange night celebrations with dancing and music, to give each other gifts.

Egyptian calendar

Nile river
January 1 became the first day of the New Year under Julius Caesar. In the newly introduced calendar, this month was named in honor of the two-faced god Janus, one head of which looks to the past and the other to the future. It is believed that it was then that the custom of decorating houses appeared.
However, all over the world, the New Year was celebrated for many centuries either at the beginning of spring or at the end of autumn - in accordance with agricultural cycles. In Russia, until the 15th century, the beginning of the year was celebrated on March 1. In 1699, Peter I issued a decree on the general celebration of the New Year on January 1. He also ordered to arrange fireworks and festivities on this day.

Read out the decree of Peter 1

Folk festivities in Russia
All over the Christian world New Year- a bit of a minor holiday, the main winter event is Christmas. That is why the inhabitants of most European countries give each other gifts on December 25, and they arrange family dinners on Christmas Eve.
This was the case in Russia, but during the Soviet era it was virtually forbidden to celebrate church events, and the New Year quickly became the most important and favorite of all legal holidays.

Central Christmas tree in Bendery, Moldova, Transnistria.

Santa Claus with Snegurochka in Veliky Ustyug, Happy New Year to everyone!
It is because of his own importance that after the return of Christmas to the rank public holidays, we got the longest weekend in the world - 10 days. Residents of most Western countries go to work on January 2. And the Chinese, Japanese, and Jews do not rest these days. January 1 is considered an ordinary day, adults go to the office and children go to school.

Where did the Christmas tree come from?

The tradition of decorating a fir tree for the holiday was born in Germany. According to legend, the first Christmas trees were decorated on this land as early as the 8th century.

They say that once, in those distant times, Saint Boniface preached to pagans who lived in forests and worshiped trees, considering them to be deities. To convince them of the fallacy of this belief, Boniface cut down one of the oak trees considered sacred. When the felled oak fell, it knocked down all the other trees in its path and did not touch only a small Christmas tree. The saint was surprised at this miracle and exclaimed: "Let this tree be the tree of Christ!"

Near the Christmas tree on New Year's
We lead, we lead a round dance.
Herringbone is a beauty
The kids really like it.
Here she is -
Slim, big!
The wadded snow lies below.
Above, the star shines.
And on the branches there are balls
Colorful lanterns
Birds, fish, flags
Made of colored paper.
Since then, it has become a tradition to install Christmas trees in every home.

In many countries, it is placed at Christmas and is called the Christmas tree. The Christmas tree is dressed up and decorated with a variety of toys.

Modern Christmas trees from all over the world.

Children's New Year traditions from all over the world.

In Russia For children, the New Year is, of course, long-awaited gifts. On New Year's Eve, Santa Claus comes and gives the children gifts that he brings in a bag behind his back. Traditionally, Grandfather listens to poems and songs of children, leads a round dance with them around the Christmas tree. Russian grandfather Frost arrives with his granddaughter Snegurochka, on a troika of horses, on skis, or comes on foot.

In Germany Santa Claus in the New Year comes to the Germans on a donkey.
Before going to bed, children put a plate on the table for gifts that Santa Claus will bring them, and put hay in their shoes - a treat for his donkey.

In Japan children meet "O-shogatsu" -New Year in new clothes. It is believed to bring health and good fortune in the New Year. On New Year's Eve, they hide under a pillow a picture of a sailing ship on which seven fairy-tale wizards float - seven patrons of happiness.
Ice palaces and castles, huge snow sculptures of fairytale heroes decorate northern Japanese cities on New Year's Eve.
Favorite New Year's entertainment girls play shuttlecock, and boys play traditional kite.

In France a large log, which is lit in the fireplaces of houses, is considered a symbol of prosperity and family hearth. Peer Noel, French Santa Claus fills children's shoes with gifts. On New Year's Eve, a bean is baked in gingerbread: the one who gets it receives the title of "bean king" and the right to give instructions throughout the holiday night. Adults try to guess so that the child gets the bean.

In Bulgaria it is customary to arrange New Year's festivities for children. The guys make sticks from dogwood, decorate them with a red thread, a head of garlic, nuts, coins and dried fruits and run around with them. They go to their neighbors' houses and "knock" with sticks on the backs of the owners: it is believed that such patting brings a person good luck, health and well-being.

In Colombia the main character of the New Year's carnival is Old year... He walks on high stilts through the streets and tells the children walking by funny stories... Papa Pasquale is a Colombian Santa Claus. No one knows how to arrange fireworks better than him.
On New Year's Eve, a parade of dolls takes place on the streets of Bogota: dozens of doll clowns, witches and other fairy-tale characters attached to the roofs of cars drive through the streets of Candelaria, the most ancient district of the Colombian capital, saying goodbye to the inhabitants of the city.

In Norway on New Year's Eve, a goat brings gifts to children. According to legend, the king of Norway rescued a goat on a hunt, which, wounded, could not come down from the cliff. The animal was cured and released. And the goat, as a token of gratitude, began to bring healing herbs to the saviors. In memory of these good deeds children put dry plants in their shoes, and in the morning they appear there new year surprises... Children also receive gifts from the Christmas gnome.

In Cuba Before the New Year, children fill jugs, buckets, basins and bowls with water so that at midnight, together with their parents, pour this water out of the windows. It is believed that in this way people thank the outgoing year for all the good that it brought them.

In Mexico food is an important part New Years celebration... So, exactly at midnight, each child should receive and eat a large gingerbread doll.

In Holland once a year, donuts with raisins are prepared for the New Year's table. Children here adore the white foal. In the evening they put carrots and hay in wooden shoes in order to find their favorite cakes in them in the morning.

Highly beautiful rites New Years celebrations in India. The Hindus have their own rule of giving gifts. Gifts for children are placed on a special tray. In the morning, the children are closed their eyes and brought to this tray. Adults put all toys and sweets on a large tray, and children with closed eyes choose for themselves new year gift... Well, how can you not start to believe in karma?

In italy the celebrations begin with the arrival of Babbo Natale - the local Santa Claus. The holiday ends with the appearance of Befana, a little old witch who delivers all kinds of sweets to children (traditionally chocolate). Befana is a very picky fairy: she brings chocolate to obedient and kind children, and to little playfuls and pranksters she stuffs a stocking specially hung for this purpose from a Christmas tree or from the ceiling in a nursery with tiny black coals.

In Spain New Year is not a New Year at all without the traditional cavalcade of the Magi. On this day, all the children are having fun: singing and dancing in gold attire. They go to bed early to find gifts from the Magi in the morning. In ancient times, parents of children who behaved badly put a piece of coal in their shoes. Modern customs have somewhat changed this offensive tradition - now the parents of "bad" children put them "caramel coal".

In Moldova New Year's holidays overlap with Christmas, and at this time it is customary to visit each other with congratulations, observing the custom of scattering grain around the house as a sign of a future bountiful harvest year.
Children with carols passing from house to house wish the owners happiness and prosperity, and in return they receive sweets.

In America celebrate Christmas. After the traditional Christmas dinner with a turkey, the children gather around the tree and enthusiastically begin to expose the numerous boxes and boxes, cases and cases with gifts.

New Year's signs.

Many interesting customs and signs are associated with the New Year. Each nation has its own traditions associated with celebrating the New Year. The roots of the established ritual of preparing and holding the holiday go deep into the distant past. For example, almost all the peoples of Europe, Asia, Indochina have a custom to throw a coin into the underground of their house on New Year's Eve. This is a tribute to the spirits that patronize the dwelling. In English villages they try to “skim the cream off the well” on New Year's Eve - to be the first of the year to draw water. They say that happiness also depends on who is the first to come to your home on New Year's. If you are kind and rich - expect good luck. And boring, angry and poor - to trouble. It would seem that what could be worse than an uninvited guest? But in Scottish villages on New Year's Eve such a guest is welcome. But not everyone, but necessarily a black-eyed brunette, and even with dark skin. Then fate will smile at the owners of the house. And if the guest turns out to be, moreover, tall, beautiful, full of health - absolutely good! In a word, what kind of guest is - so is the year. And the guest must certainly present the hosts with a present. It doesn't matter what, even a lump of coal, but from pure heart and with the words: "May there always be fire in your hearth!"