What is important to know about the sensory development of the child? Sensory development of children in preschool age Sensory development in preschool age briefly

The material disclosed the concept of basic sensory standards, the main stages of the sensory development of preschoolers are indicated, some games for the development of sensory abilities are given, which will help not only caregivers, but parents.

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Sensory development of preschool children.

The sensory development of the child is the development of its perception and the formation of ideas about the external properties of objects: their shape, color, magnitude, position in space, as well as the smell, taste, etc.

The meaning of sensory development in the early and preschool child is difficult to overestimate. It is this age that is most favorable to improve the activities of the senses, the accumulation of ideas about the environment.

The readiness of the child to school learning largely depends on its sensory development. Studies conducted by children's psychologists have shown that a significant part of the difficulties arising from children during primary learning (especially in grade 1) is associated with insufficient accuracy and flexibility of perception.

There are five sensory systems, with the help of which a person will know the world: vision, hearing, touch, smell, taste.

In the development of sensory abilities, the development of sensory standards - generally accepted samples of object properties. For example, 7 colors of the rainbow and their shades, geometric shapes, a metric system of measures, etc.

Sensory development, on the one hand, is the foundation for the general mental development of the child, on the other hand, has independent importance, since full-fledged perception is necessary for successfully learning the child in children's garden, at school, and for many types of work.

In kindergarten, the child learns drawing, modeling, designing, getting acquainted with the phenomena of nature, begins to master the foundations of mathematics and diplomas. Mastering the knowledge and skills in all these areas requires constant attention to the external and internal properties of objects. So, in order to get in the figure similarity with the item depicted, the child must accurately catch the features of his shape, color, material. Designing requires a thorough study of the form of the subject (sample), its structure and structure. The child finds out the relationship between parts in space and relates the properties of the sample with the properties of the existing material. Without constant orientation, in the external properties of items, it is impossible to obtain objective ideas about the phenomena of living and inanimate nature, in particular about their seasonal changes. The formation of elementary mathematical ideas implies acquaintance with geometric shapes and their varieties, comparing objects in magnitude. With the assimilation of the diplomas, the phonderatic hearing is played a huge role - accurate differentiation of speech sounds - and the visual perception of the drawing of letters. These examples could easily be erected into a nni degree.

The assimilation of sensory standards is a long and complex process that is not limited to the framework preschool childhood And having his own background. Assimate the touch standard is not at all to learn how to correctly call this or that property of the object. It is necessary to have clear ideas about the varieties of each property and, most importantly, be able to use such ideas for the analysis and allocation of the properties of a wide variety of subjects in a wide variety of situations. In other words, the absorption of sensory standards is an adequate use of them as "units of measurement" in assessing the properties of substances.

At each age, there are tasks before touching education, a certain link of sensory culture is formed.

Thus, it is possible to allocate the main tasks in the sensory development and raising children from birth to 6 years.

In the first year of life, this is the enrichment of the child with impressions. The conditions should be created for the baby so that it can follow moving bright toys, grab items of different shapes and magnitude.

In the second-third year of life, children must learn to allocate color, shape and magnitude as special signs of items, accumulate ideas about the main varieties of color and form and about the relationship between the two items in size.

Starting, from the fourth year of life, children form sensory standards: sustainable, enshrined in speech ideas about colors, geometric Figures and relationships largest between several subjects. Later should be met with shades of color, with variants of geometric shapes and with the ratio of the value arising between the elements of a number consisting of more objects.

Simultaneously with the formation of standards, it is necessary to teach children to the methods of examination of objects: their grouping in color and form around samples of standards, consistent examination and form description, performing increasingly complex eye activities.

Finally, as a special task, it is necessary to develop analytical perception in children: the ability to understand the combinations of colors, dismember the form of objects, to allocate separate measurements of the magnitude.

In junior and middle preschool age Children develop ideas about the ratios largest between three objects (large - less - the smallest). The child begins to define familiar items as large or as small, no matter whether they are compared with others. For example, four-year-old child It may arrange "for the growth of" toys from the largest to the smallest. It may argue that the "elephant is big", and the "flies is small", although he does not see them at the moment.

In the senior preschool age, children develop ideas about individual measurements of the magnitude: length, width, height, as well as on spatial relations between objects. They begin to designate how items are located relative to each other (for, before, on top, from below, between, on the left, right, etc.). It is important that the children capture the so-called eyemeal actions. This happens when preschoolers take up the ability to measure the width, length, height, shape, volume of objects. After that, they go to solve the tasks "on the eye". The development of these abilities is closely related to the development of speech, as well as with teaching children drawing, modeling, designing, that is, productive activities. Productive activity implies the ability of the child not only to perceive, but also to reproduce the characteristics of the color, forms, the size of the items, their location relative to each other in drawings and crafts. For this, it is important not only to master the sensory standards, but also the development of unique actions of perception.

For the development of sensory abilities, there are various games and exercises that will help to reveal the creative potential of the child, enrich its emotional world.

Touch. Develop the tactile sensations, the following games will help:

"Catch the pussy"

The teacher touches a soft toy (pussy) of different parts of the child's body, and the child with closed eyes determines where the pussy. By analogy for touch, you can use other items: wet fish, barbed hedgehog and others.

"Wonderful bag"

In an opaque bag, objects of different shapes, magnitude, textures (toys, geometric shapes and bodies, plastic letters and numbers, etc.) are put. The child is offered to the touch, not looking into the bag, find the right thing.

"Card for doll" (Definition of items on the material texture, in this case the definition of the type of fabric)

Children offer three dolls in different handkerchiefs (silk, woolen, knitted). Children alternately consider and feel all the handkerchiefs. Then the handkerchiefs are removed and folded into the bag. Children to the touch are found in the bag the desired handkerchiefs for each doll.

"Guess the touch, what is this subject"

The child is offered to the touch to determine, from which various items are made: glass glass, wooden bar, iron blade, plastic bottle, fluffy toy, leather gloves, rubber ball, clay vase, etc.

By analogy, it is possible to use objects and materials of various textures and determine what they are: viscous, sticky, rough, velvety, smooth, fluffy, etc.

"Find out the figure"

On the table lay down geometric shapes, the same with those lying in the bag. The teacher shows any shape and asks the child to get from the bag the same.

"Find out the subject by contour"

The child tie his eyes and give a shape carved from cardboard (it can be a bunny, a Christmas tree, a pyramid, a house, a fish, a bird). Ask what it is for the subject. Clean the figure, unleash the eyes and ask for memory to draw it, compare the drawing with the contour, circling the figure.

"Guess what kind of subject"

On the table are laid out various volumeful toys or small items (rattle, ball, cube, comb, toothbrush, etc.), which are covered on top of a thin but dense and opaque napkin. The child is offered through the napkin to the touch to define objects and call them.

"Find a couple"

Material: plates marked by velvet, sandpaper, foil, velvet, flannel.

The child is offered with tied eyes to the touch to find a pair of identical plates.

"What is inside?"

The child offers balloons containing inside various fillers: water, sand, water flour, peas, beans, various cereals: semolina, rice, buckwheat, etc. You can use a funnel for filling balls. Balls with each filler must be pair. The child must touch the pairs with the same fillers.

Additionally, you can put a small amount of each filler in the plates. In this case, it will also be necessary to relate each pair with the corresponding filler, i.e. Determine what is inside the balls.

"Guess the number" (letter)

On the back of the child with the back side of the pencil (or finger) they write a number (letter). The child must determine what is the symbol.

"What is it?"

The child closes his eyes. He is offered five fingers to touch the subject, but not to move them. In case, it is necessary to determine the material (you can use cotton, fur, fabric, paper, leather, wood, plastic, metal).

"Collect Matryoshka"

Two playing fit to the table. Close your eyes. Before them two disassembled nesting. At the team, both begin to collect each doll - who is faster.

"Cinderella"

Children (2-5 people) are sitting at the table. They tie their eyes. Before each bunch of seeds (peas, seeds, etc.). For limited time, seeds should be disassembled on a handful.

"Guess what inside"

Two play. Each playing baby in his hands is an opaque bag filled with small objects: checkers, caps of handles, buttons, erasers, coins, nuts, etc. The teacher calls the subject, players must quickly feel to find it and get one hand, and another hold the bag. Who will make it faster?

Vision.

Children are very observant. Teach children in different ways to look at the same object: through glass, water, cellophane, stained glass, magnifying glass; From different distances and at different angles of view: from afar, near, in an inverted form, from the bottom up and downward. For example, take any room flower in a pot. First offer a child to draw it, throwing only a quick look. The second drawing will take after the closest study of this plant. Third - draw your feelings after feeling a flower with eyes closed. The fourth turns out after considering the object through a magnifying glass, the fifth - through a can with colored water, etc. Spread on the table or on the floor of the series of these drawings, and let the baby tell you about his feelings. So he learns to memorize these sensations and be able to use them in life.

Hearing.

Teach the child to recognize sounds. This can be done, for example, with such a game. In the same opaque bottles, put a variety of items: rice, beans, pepper, river sand, pebbles, stationery buttons, buttons, peas, etc. Offer the baby shake every bubble and draw what he heard.

And you can organize the occupation quite differently. Include music igniting with your rhythm and temperament, such as ethnic. Offer the child to take improvised musical instruments: Water cans; Bottles with peas; Metallic paper, sandpaper, wooden spoons, metal spoons, tambourines, bells, combs, rubber balls, plastic beads. Let him complement the tune with new sounds, catching her mood.

Taste.

"Tasty journey."

Ask the child to close the eyes so that visual images do not interfere with the work of thinking and imagination. Offer to try some edible subject with an unusual taste, it is desirable that he has not tried before. Let now the child draws his feeling and arising internal image. In other words, the feeling of taste can be refracted to the pictorial motive. Children love to complement the resulting image an interesting story: In this story, the main character will be a taste image.

Smell.

Talk to your child about how much the smells are enriched and revived. Discuss the most pleasant and unpleasant odors. Pay attention to different odors by doing a walk.

"What will the smell tell us?". In empty not transparent bottles Place the substance with characteristic odors: perfume, vanillin, soap, rose petals, onions, garlic, coffee, orange peel, mint, etc. Teach the child to sniff substances correctly: Holding a tank with a smell a little distance from the nose , drawing the air to the nostrils, catching the smell from the bubble to the nose hand palm. The child must smell all the bubbles and choose the smell that he liked the most. A pleasant smell attracts a child and unobtrusively provokes to disclosure and gaining new sensory sensations.

Ask a child to close your eyes and absorb the fragrance, communicate with him. After that, it is possible to start working on the creation of a sensual image: draw drawings with the help of brushes and paints, and possibly and fingers. It can be fabulous paintings of nature, fantastic creatures, alien inhabitants, flowers, landscapes, people. If the child composes the story to the drawing, it will increase and specifies the sensual image expressed on paper.

Making a trip to the magical world of music, sounds, the world of taste, smelling and tanging, you will not only contribute to the harmonious development of the child, but also discover all the variety of the surrounding and inner world.

Olesya Rusalinova
Sensory development of children of early and younger age

Sensory development The child is indisputably important and necessary for a full-fledged development and Education. In the process sensory development The kid is formed by perception, an idea of \u200b\u200bthe external properties of others tel: The child will know the world through the sensations, through various analyzers: auditory, visual, taste, olfactory, tactile.

Sensory Education is a gradual assimilation sensory culturecreated by humanity over the centuries.

Preschooler B. younger aged does not manipulate distracted concepts due to undustful abstract thinking, the answer to the perception of something is expressed in the muscular reactions: It moves in accordance with emerging images.

Therefore, the pre-school stage of childhood is considered a period sensomotor Development(« senso» - feeling "Moto" - Movement, like bases, based on mental functions: Memory, speech, perception, thinking.

Problems sensory development of children of early and preschool age Revealed in the works of foreign (F. F. Fubell, M. Montessori, O. Decreol, as well as well-known representatives of domestic pre-school pedagogy and psychology (E. I. Tyhev, A. V. Zaporozhets, A. P. Usova, N. P. Sakkulina , L. A. Wenger, E. G. Pilyugina, N. B. Wenger, etc.).

Necessary sensory development And for social adaptation, in the course of which the guys learn to communicate, solve conflicts, adequately respond to what is happening around. Sensory education of young children Helps them to learn to integrate the sensations correctly to them to react.

Sensory development - One of the significant tasks of a holistic pedagogical process in the DOU system. Sensory development underlies the mental, physical, aesthetic child Development. The purpose is in the formation sensory Standards and abilities allowing a small person to comprehensively perceive the world around.

The main task sensory development is the creation of conditions for the formation of perception as an initial stage of knowledge of the surrounding reality.

Specially created conditions - in the process of conducting classes and in everyday life - allow you to ensure the accumulation of various visual, auditory, tactile impressions, form elementary views about basic variety varieties (large - small, form (circle, square, triangle, oval, rectangle, colors (Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Purple, Black, White). As a result, it becomes possible to form the ability to allocate a variety of properties of objects, focusing on the color, shape, size, sounds, texture, etc.

The child does not yet own the speech sufficiently, so the main means of expressing thoughts and feelings are direct actions.

The main method of organizing games-classes is to prompt interest in one or another toys, didactic materials, primarily benefits made of wood (matryoshki, large and small, pyramids, cubes-inserts, boards with holes of different quantities or shapes with tabs of tabs, tables With mushrooms and mosaic).

The role of didactic games in touch Education is very large. The didactic game helps the child to find out how the world around the world is arranged, and expand its horizons. Didactic games perform a function - control over condition sensory development of children. Thus, it is safe to argue that the leading form sensory Education are didactic games. Only with a certain system of conducting didactic games can be achieved sensory development.

In special occupations, participating in didactic games, children accumulate sensory impressions, they learn to realize them, systematize, expand and use in practice.

Didactic games in classes take into account age features of children:

The plots must be interesting, but not too complicated for perception;

Must be used various objects of small sizes - sticks, figurines, cubes;

The verbal designations of the elementary amount repeated repeated;

when referring criteria, gestures are used - indicating (if one object) and registered (the more items in the group, the wider it will drive her by hand);

Must be introduced productive activities - modeling, applique, drawing.

Games for training different species perception

The task of these exercises and games is to development tactile(superficial) Sensitivity, as well as visual and auditory perception.

Give the child a piece of foil, let him remember her, then collapse the foil together. Feed a piece of foil in the process of her crumple. If the child is already talking, discuss that they resemble the foil sounds.

Cereals, dried beans, bumps, chestnuts. A variety of forms of listed items will give a spaciousness not only experienced sensations, but also flight of fantasy. Discuss what the sensations that the child experiences, examining the shell of chestnut or a bump (tingling, itching, pain). Let the child analyze the form of these items. On the example of cereals and beans, it is possible to practice in determining the values \u200b\u200b- large, small.

"Catch the animal" - good exercise in the game form, allowing develop tactile sensations. Suggest the child to close your eyes, then take a soft toy (preferably small sizes) And spend it in parts of his body. The child should determine where "Joined" An animal - on the leg, back, neck, etc.

"Silent bag" - An interesting game to train tactile memory, fixing ideas about the form of objects. Show and let the child sweep a few different small objects: beans, beads, cereals, pasta defined form. Take the names of these items. Then ask the baby to turn away, and sorting items on opaque bags. When the child turns, ask him to close the eyes and to determine what is in every bag.

Our pedagogical activity is related to children early age. Children's age from 2 to 3 years. This one age The most favorable to improve the activities of the senses, the accumulation of ideas about the world around.

For improvement sensory development Baby We are trying to use the most effective means and methods sensory education, Including them to work with the kids. Already in early childhood is of great importance to the accumulation of child sensory representations. Our task, as educators - provide familiarization children with color, form, quantity, tangible properties of objects, musical sounds and the sound of native speech.

Tasks sensory Education is solved in one way or another in the class of all species: musical, physical education, by amusement, development of speech and other. However, in these cases, the tasks sensory Education is not dominant. For streamlining experience children We are conducted with a predominance sensory tasks.

In our work, we use the following technologies: Informational Communicative, Heating Bearing, Game, Personal - Oriented, Research. Didactic material We consider taking into account the following principles: The principle of visibility, the principle of affordability and strength, systematic and sequence.

Researcher N. N. Poddyakov believes that sensory Education is carried out in the conditions of everyday life, in the process of games, where, according to a scientist, there is a holistic perception by the child of various phenomena and objects of the surrounding world, where some properties and sides of the phenomena may not be perceived enough, or not perceived at all.

That is why we make a special accent on the skillful selection of toys, the organization developing The subject and spatial environment, the sphere of communication. Relying on age Cognitive abilities children, introduce to the world of things. We teach a new and interesting, using the fascinating game form.

The world of the child consists of real objects and items. He knows the world, constantly using it and experimenting with its objects. This uses all touch analyzers - taste, smell, touch, vision, rumor. The child on the sensual level comprehends elementary laws that manage objects. New always admire and shake, pleases and surprises. The greater the child's experience in the child's life, the emotional world will be more diverse.

The task of adults - teachers and parents, to help the child to know this huge, filled with interesting things and phenomena of the world, maintain a good cognitive attitude of the baby to the world.

Currently, the sensory culture of children is low, so it is necessary to develop and maintain it in every way. The most optimal period is the early age for this. Sensory education must be started from the first month of life. Everyone knows that the kids much faster assimilate the information provided by them than, for example, older guys. Therefore, experts recommend starting to deal with children as early as possible so that in the future it is easier for them to adapt in society. Today, within our article, we will look at what sensory education is, for which it is necessary, and also find out how to apply it.

For what you need to do with young children

Sensory education is a pledge of the baby. This foundation will be needed to him in the future for prosperous adaptation in secondary school. If the child does not adversely perceive the items, it may have difficulties with the letter and the performance of a variety of products in labor lessons.

The main tasks of the sensory development of children are considered:

• formation of good conditions for the general development of the child;
• promoting the development of the sensory and psychomotor environment in children by the knowledge of the world, colors and shades, as well as the values \u200b\u200bof various items;
• selection of effective games, exercises, general development activities;
• attracting dad and mothers to the development process;
• involve the illustrated textbooks;
• creating a sensor corner in the educational pre-school group;
• drawing up card files for general education.

Preparatory activities

The development of the kid has a direct dependence on how the game room is equipped in which the child lives. The task of Mom and Pope is to provide a comfortable, comfortable and safe place in the house where a small person will feel calm and protected. The baby should have its own corner in the room, fully equipped for moving games and a full-fledged rest. With the help of parents in children preschool institutions Activities are held as:

• replenishment of the group by game and sensory materials;
• acquisition of additional sets for conducting experiments in water and sand, containers of various forms, tools for carrying out irrigation of liquids;
• acquisition of binding boards with forms, sets of volumetric bodies, educational games;
• updating a music corner with toys publishing various sounds;
• acquisition of a safe plastic designer;
• production of desktop and didactic games.

Where does the sensory development begins

During the familiarization of children with a variety of objects, classes were used both in the group, and individually, games were held for the knowledge of the surrounding items that give impetus to the study of the surrounding world. For the development of sensory motility, you must acquaint kids with such properties of objects and phenomena as:

• color spectrum;
• configuration;
• the size;
• quantity;
• environmental location.

It is necessary to carry out work aimed at learning the kids perception of objects in general, the assimilation of the sensory standards, such as the geometric shape system, scale scale, color spectrum, spatial and temporary orientations, the phonetic language system, which is quite a complex and long-term process. In order to familiarize yourself with any object, the child needs to be touched by his hand, squeeze, stroke, rolling.

Acquaintance of children with objects

At the time of familiarization of children with the values \u200b\u200band consolidation of knowledge about them, such methods and techniques are applied:

• mapping multiple objects during the game by the method of their application to each other;
• the use of specially intended toys in the form of pyramids, dolls, inserts and so on.

In the course of these games that are aimed at developing a tactile function, kids learn to grab, pinch and feel. The use of balls for massage gives a pretty good result.

Classes for the development of tactile functions

The fingers are on their hands, and the most important forces are thrown to improving the susceptibility of their receptors. To do this, use a wide variety of types of activities that contribute to the improvement of tactile and motor functions. Three activities are:

• modeling;
• application;
• application modeling;
• formation of paper and designer;
• painting;
• sorting small items;
• formation of figures from objects of different kinds.

Once a week it is possible to conduct classes aimed at learning the exercises for the development of tactile sensitivity and complex coordinated movements of the hands. Advanced sensory perception is currently the basis for improving all areas of modern person.

Tasks for improving the touch motor

In order to achieve a maximum result, a huge work was carried out by experts. To improve the sensory perception, such tasks were delivered:

• selection of materials for development;
• conducting the degree of degree of development of Sensorika in kids.

Sensory education is the skill in practice to navigate in various parameters, such as configuration and size, absorb the shade of the subject, form a holistic object. All this is mastered gradually. The big obstacle to the achievement of the target is an early age. Sensory education must be planned and coordinated with basic training so that this type of work has become an additional occupation. That is, a successful combination of activity according to the knowledge, shape and color of one or another item is possible only if a certain physical level of the child's development is present.

In the development of Sensorika, the mobility of the hands play an important role during the implementation of the observation of objects. Teachers should pay attention to how the child plays with a mosaic, draws paints, sculpts from plasticine. Comparison of sensory and motility is considered the most important condition for the mental development of the child. Separate attention requires careful analysis of learning passed.

Sensory education is to carry out games and exercises, taking into account the specific features of each kid. Classes should be started to perform with tasks that imply the joint actions of the parents and the child. In the future, an adult can change its location: to stay close to the baby, sit opposite it. Any movement of the child should be commenting and voice.

Sensory education is an important stage in the life of a small man who affects:

• normal functioning of vision, touch, hearing, smell;
• eliminate tone in muscles and mental emotional stress, which is achieved in a relaxed state and comfortable well-being;
• motivating to autonomous and experimental activities.

Sensorika has the smallest

The sensory education of young children is a technique designed to cause an interest in a toy, any educational benefit, which is made of wooden material. It may be maturies of large and small sizes, pyramids, liner cubes, boards having holes for various values \u200b\u200bor forms, with a set of tabs, tables with mosaic and so on. Specifically, tree toys are very important for the development of Sensorika by the child, because they are characterized by good texture, resistant during manipulation and perform the most simple movements with them.

How to properly exercise sensory education? The development of young children depends on their environment. All that is around the baby has an impact on:

• normal functioning of vision, touch, hearing;
• functionality of motor functions and stimulation of mobility of activity;
• the elimination of tone in muscles and mental emotional stress, which is achieved with a relaxed state and comfortable health care;
• the formation of a positive psycho-emotional background and an increase in the child's ability to work;
• activation of such processes as thinking, attention, perception and memory;
• an increase in the motivation to autonomous and experimental activities of the guys.

Proper development of Breastnikov

Why is it so important sensory education? Preschool children still from the very first months of life perceive the environment with the help of smelling and touching. Due to this from birth and until the fourth month, it is necessary to do the emphasis specifically on these sensory systems.

The beginning of the formation of the visual system infants is an early age. Sensory education for six months includes exercises that drive the motor activity of the child. For this purpose, there are the simplest, but rather important methods:

• Touching - permanent physical contact with mom, a joint sleep with it, laying the crumbs on various surfaces that do not cause allergies, the exercise of fingers, which can be started from three months, wearing a baby on hand, joint swimming mom and child.
• The smell - a child should perceive the smell of his mother's body, because of this, a woman does not need to use perfume during close physical contact with the child. At the end of six months, it is necessary to give kids sniffing and pleasant smells.
• Vision - you should not bring your own face too much to the baby so that he does not develop squint. It is necessary to show white, black and monophotional items from two months of life, to demonstrate multicolor and bright toys, Helping to study your own reflection in the mirror, watch the landscape outside the window, talk, listen to pleasant music and much more.
• Taste quality - after the introduction of the first dust, it is necessary to diversify the menu.

At this stage, there is no sensory development of children through game activity. It looks more like a demonstration, study and observation. The perception of the world through games begins with one year of life.

Development from the year and up to three years

Sensory education of preschool children is a targeted improvement in all channels of perception. In this case, everything happens in a very fast and rich pace. The main activity at this stage of development is subject to the subject. It is aimed at attracting various colorful objects. At this age, a very important point is precisely the sensory education. The development of children through the game is considered only an additional action, even without it can not do. A distinctive feature of this period is that the sensory system of the child develops quickly. It is necessary to give children such items: pyramid, sorter, liner frame, magic bags to memorize text.

The child must throughout this time:

• learn to shoot and wear rings of different sizes on the rod;
• get out of pockets and folded items with a variety of quantities;
• be able to determine the shaggy, a soft, smooth and rough surface;
• know such geometric forms like a square, circle, cube and ball;
• three years to distinguish the taste of basic products and give individual preference;
• dance music.

Orientation on items at this stage of life is considered the main thing, because it has a great influence on the improvement of the person and the mental state of the child.

Children from 4 to 6 years

Children of preschool age give a crucial role, because during this period it is necessary to help prepare for the newest stage of life - study. Now games are published on the fore, which are considered the most entertaining and very effective. At the same time, the child does not just master the simplest toys, but takes part in role-playing games. It should be noted that such classes are very interesting to the kids. Games didactic on sensory education are directed directly to ensure that children can easily adapt in the proposed conditions.

The meaning of the sensory development of the child in preschool age

So, we continue to consider sensory upbringing by the ages. Preschoolers should be able to form an idea of \u200b\u200bthe external property of the subject, distinguish its shape, color, magnitude, position in space, smell, taste and much more. The meaning of the development of Sensorika during this period is difficult to underestimate. Such skills make up the foundation of the overall mental development of the child. Since the perception of items and phenomena, knowledge begins. All other things, such as memory, thinking and imagination, are formed on the basis of perception. For this reason, the normal development of intellect is impossible without a full perception.

In kindergartens, children teach drawing, modeling, designing, meaning with natural phenomena, spend on touch education. Future schoolchildren begin to study the foundations of mathematics and grammar. Receiving knowledge and skills in these areas will require close attention to the most different properties of objects. Sensory education is a long and difficult process. It is not limited to a certain age and has its own story. Sensory education of children from an early age is a technique that helps to correctly perceive certain objects in space.

Let's summarize the brief results

• In the first year of life, the child is enriched with impressions, namely, follows the moving beautiful toys, which are selected at such an early age. Sensory education is that the baby, the grabbing objects of a variety of configuration and sizes, learns to perceive them correctly.
• In 2-3 years, kids are already trying to independently allocate the color, shape and size of objects, digends on the main types of shades and configurations. Also at this age, the didactic games of children on sensory education are carried out.
• From 4 to 6 years, the guys produce specific standards of sensory. They already have a certain idea of \u200b\u200bthe colors, geometric figures and the ratio of items among themselves.

Do our children, and they will definitely please you with their success in the future!

Natalia Dmitrieva
"Sensory development of preschool children"

Sensory development(Lat. Sunser - feeling) - this is development of perceptions, ideas about objects, phenomena and subjects of the surrounding world.

Sensory development of preschool children - This is the basis of intelligent development, forming different skills. Not only performance depends on childrenBut the fulfillment of various activities in the future. Come on sensory development, I intend to acquaint the baby with drawing, modeling, designing, speech, applique ..

Through the main activities, there is ideas about color, shape, taste, quantity, the size of the surrounding items, speech and neust sounds.

Representatives preschool pedagogy Ya. Komensky, F. Rubela, M. Montessori, D. Decreol, E. Thaiheva developed didactic games and familiarization exercises children with properties and signs of objects.

With the name of Friedrich Frebel, the appearance preschool Pedagogy as education sciences children. His opinion: The child is a carrier of the Divine Entity; His activities and behavior are due to instincts. The most important one is the desire for activities; development Performed through amateur, through " deploying its essence. An important part of the pedagogical system F. F. F. F. F. F. F. Festival is a technique of raising a child in a family and kindergarten. For education and educational classes with children, Fubell came up with six "Gifts".

The first gift is six color woolen balls of blue, red, yellow, purple, orange and green colors, which should be suspended over the bed of a child of two to three months so that with their help he learned to distinguish colors, perceive various directions movements.

The second gift is a wooden ball, cylinder and cube - intended for children of three to four years. Playing these items, a child, according to the mark of the roller, will get acquainted with the main forms of bodies, with their weight, hardness, mobility.

Third, fourth gift - for children Over four years old - wooden cube, divided into 8 identical cubes. With it, the child receives ideas about the concepts. "number", "whole" and "part", learns to consider, build various items from cubes.

The fifth gift is 27 cubes, and 21 - one-piece; three are divided into diagonal, forming 6 prisms; Three three more divided into four prisms. Total 39 figures.

Sixth gift - 27 wooden bricks. Of these, 21 are integer, three are separated by half (across, and three more are divided along. Total 33 bar.

Thanks to such toys, the child, according to F Ramp, "receives itself itself and the key to understanding the external world, and also acquires an incentive for the manifestation of his own inner world." Dedagogical ideas of Frebbell got widespread and won recognition worldwide, including in Russia .

Italian doctor and teacher Maria Montessori (1870-1952, first woman in Italy, who received a doctorate of medicine. In terms of psychological justification of the personality of the personality, Montessori gave a special role. "Hygiene thinking", calling it "Key"opening the secrets of the formation of a human personality, an effective means "Internal construction" psyche man.

For development Tactile feelings She used a wooden plate, divided into two squares. One of them - with a smooth polished surface, the other - with the glued emery paper (six strips of different roughness, from rough emery to satin). Develop in children The feeling of touch is to teach them "To see hands" .For development The feelings of the montessori offered to compare and distinguish between the items of different shapes - bars, cubes, cylinders, sticks. But not only this consisted of using a visual receptor. He provided development Chromatic feeling (visual perception of colors). Distietly developed montessori and exercises in the recognition of sounds.

Elizabeth Ivanovna Theheeva believed that it was necessary to bring up a small man in harmonious integrity "all the nature of the abilities and tanks, in all the glory of those spiritual and moral forces, the full flourishing of which gives the right to recognize the crown of the creation of a similar one." Harmonious education, according to E. I. Thayeva, should be based on ethical principles.

In Games, Jean Ovid Decooles are used surrounding children objects and phenomena, not abstract geometric shapes, like rolling. According to the decrees, the game should be used as means of repetition, consolidation, classification and associations available children observation.

Games and game exercises make a huge contribution to the treasury sensory development. Modern living conditions contribute to developing Games your own adjustments and contribute to updating games and gaming exercise: Changes content, rules and ways to conduct them. Playing, baby develops. So, for children's development need such gamesin which the child is mastering something new: New properties of things, new movements, new actions with objects. All this requires certain efforts, but at the same time gives the child the joy of opening and overcoming.

For development of sensory development In any group should be these wonderful desktop games:

"Default on multicolored pockets", "Geometric", "Write the covers", "Multicolored houses", "Book with multi-colored windows", educational panels"Fashionista", "House in the village", as well as games for developing hearing.

Touch The room is a powerful tool for sensory development, development cognitive sphere, expanding the world's worldview. Main appointment touch Rooms - Fill all the completeness of perception, which, in turn, determines development The highest mental functions of the child (memory, thinking, attention, speech) and harmonious development The identity of the child and its emotional sphere.

Classes B. touch The room is shown for all age categories of children and adolescents. Content developing Classes depends on the actual mental and psychological needs of the child, a teenager caused age period.

Also didactic games and manuals can be made with their own hands, for example touch rug, toys from various materials, etc.

Value sensory development the child for his future life puts forward the theory and practice preschool upbringing the task of developing and using the most effective tools and methods sensory Education in kindergarten. Main Direction sensory Education should be armed with a child sensory culture.

Sensory development The child is the key to its successful implementation of different types of activities, the formation of various abilities. therefore sensory Education should be systematically and systematically included at all moments of the child's life.

Sensory development of preschoolers is one of the most important moments In full and high-quality education of the child. Many parents do not attach great importance to targeted Sensoric classes, believing that the knowledge of the world, items and forms will be held in a child of junior preschool age, naturally.

Some consider even that classes are harmful, since the stereotypes impose the individuality and deliver individuality. However, professional teachers refute this opinion, leading undisputed evidence of the need and effectiveness of consecutive and well-thought-out activities aimed at the sensory education of preschoolers.

Sensory education - what is it?

Sensory education of children, according to the definition of textbooks and benefits, various phenomena of the surrounding world and sensations, while the emerging, understanding of their meanings and properties, the formation of ideas about certain objects and their differentiation. Improving sensory abilities is directly related to the mental and intellectual level of the child. Therefore, sensory education also uses as one of the techniques for the treatment of problem children with a slow development of any age.

The sensory system of each healthy, fully developed person consists of five aspects of perception: touch, smell, vision, hearing and taste. If we talk about sensory perception, there are generally accepted standards that must be learned from an early age: geometric shapes, dimensions, basic colors of the spectrum, etc. It is for this that the exercises on Sensoric for children are sent.

The main tasks of the education methodology

Thanks to the sensory methodology of upbringing, the child studies such concepts as:

• shape and size;
• color and quality;
• taste and smell;
• sound, music.

All this contributes to the flexibility of perception of external factors, the speed of analysis, attentiveness, logic. The importance of these qualities is difficult to overestimate - already with children's age You can help the child to form character traits and develop the abilities necessary for successful self-realization in society and a prosperous career.

The sensory education of preschoolers is necessary when preparing for testing before entering the initial classes. It was noted that the children who were additionally engaged in this direction were significantly faster at school and better learned new educational materials.

The huge meaning of the sensory perception of a person is clear, you do not overestimate it. Therefore, to start the development of sensory abilities is recommended at the earliest age when the child is more susceptible. It is in preschool age that the information and ideas about the world around the world are best perceived and processed.
Most of the authoritative scientists in the field of pedagogy and psychology are convinced that early preschoolers in most part affect the level of intelligence, speed and quality mental. And, therefore, largely determines its qualitative characteristics of as a personality and a future specialist in any sphere.

You can start spending the simplest exercises from the very early age - there are programs designed specifically for very tiny babies aged 1-2 years. Little children are very inquisitive, they like to touch everything, thrust, view and throw, because they perceive perfectly in a game form. But in principle, it is never too late to deal with the sensory development of the preschooler - much more important here to file classes in an interesting and affordable form.

The simplest exercises on the sensory development of children up to three years

At this age, the baby can not yet be analyzed - and should not. The development of a child is considered normal if it is able to distinguish between the color, size and configuration of objects, to give the simplest quality and quantitative definitions - "soft", "solid", "a lot", "little", etc. Crumbs are happy to be included in the game-occupation.

But since for children of this age for a long time Hold attention on the same subject or process, classes should not last more than 10-15 minutes. If a child in itself is a phlegmatic warehouse, slow and serious, he can be enough and 5-7 minutes. After time you can spend another lesson, alternating topics.

1. Pyramids and cubes. There are several options here:

• on color - the crumb should choose the items of the same color;
• on the form - to separate the balls from the cubes;
• size - fold the pyramid from a smaller cone to more and vice versa.

1. Imitation. Kids love to copy adults and grimaces. Show him a smile, and comment - cheerful, kind. Then nourge your eyebrows, and again comment - evil, dissatisfied. Let the child repeat all your grimaces.
2. Guess fruits and vegetables. In an opaque package or bag, you need to fold a set of vegetables and fruits, well acquaintances: potatoes, carrots, cucumber, apple, orange, etc. Task - Assigns to guess a vegetable or fruit and describe his taste or quality. For example, an apple is solid, red, sweet, lemon - grungy, sour, carrot - long, crispy. For more adult kids, you can complicate the game - to guess with your eyes closed, which gave him a hand (mother, dad, brother, grandparents).

Very helpful to air games with sand, pebbles, water, plants.

Exercises for the development of sensory abilities for children from 3 to 6 years

By four years, the child is already able to distinguish between shades and nuances, compares various concepts, forms the ratio of the subject with its qualities. Sustainable phrases are formed in his lexicon, with which it should clearly be able to describe various things or phenomena.

Toddler 5 years old learns to analyze, draw conclusions and conclusions. It is no longer interesting for him to study new items alone - he wants to communicate, discuss what he saw, hear the opinion of foreign and express his own. It is now that group classes with peers, teachers and parents for full and successful child education are important.

6 years - this age, when the personality, character, habits and beliefs are practically formed. The basis is already laid - now you can only direct and, supplement and adjust the learned knowledge and concepts. At the same time, it is impossible to overestimate the independence of the preschooler, thinking it still remains immature. A competently composed program of classes on sensory perception, designed for children of this age, is very important for comprehensive, qualitative development.

1. Funny balls. In inflatable balls, you need to pour different fillers - flour, buckwheat, peas, beans, sugar. With each type of filler, two balls should be made, mix them and fold them into a bowl. The child should be a good to guess the contents and find a pair of bag.
2. Call the letter. Seat a child on a chair or put on a sofa with a naked back and finger slowly prescribe alphabet letters. The preschooler must guess them. Similarly, you can play with numbers.
3. Coincidence. Better to play in the group. Each of the participants is offered a bag with different objects. First you need to add one of them with closed eyes, describe it and guess what it is - for example, a round tennis ball from felt. Then to name and describe the objects of similar qualities and forms - for example, an apple is also a solid and round, the carpet is the same grungy, etc.

It also develops the game "In the Words and Association" - the adult calls the Word, and the child is associations suitable in meaning. For example, "Night" - "Dark, Sleep, Stars, Moon."

Summary

So, the sensory development of the preschooler is a necessary and important event if the future of the child is cared, his performance in school, full and deep development of potential talents and abilities, self-realization in adult life. It is impossible not to note another positive side of such classes: the child contacts parents, which contributes to warmer, confidential relations in the family, with peers - it forms the skills of behavior in society, in different situations, including conflict. Finally, this is a discipline training, attentiveness and amplification.

If you do not have time to read at least one manual for at least a quarter of an hour a day, try to find near the house of the Early Center