1 Main forms of human activity Energy costs. Energy costs of a person in various activities. Energy consumption at rest and during exercise

Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution

higher professional education

Moscow State University

Food Production (MGUP)

Department ""

Energy costs of a person with different types Activities.

Moscow 2013

Introduction

The level of human energy consumption in various forms of activity serves as the criterion for the severity and tension of the work performed, is of great importance for optimizing the working conditions and its rational organization. The energy consumption rate is determined by the method of complete gas analysis, while the volume of oxygen consumption and highlighted carbon dioxide is taken into account. With an increase in labor, oxygen consumption and the amount of energy consumed increase significantly.

The severity and tension of labor is characterized by the degree of functional voltage of the body. It can be energy, depending on the capacity of work (with physical work), and emotional (with mental work) when information overload takes place.

Forms of work

The types of human work can be classified as follows.

1. Labor requiring significant muscle activity.

2. Group shape (conveyor), accompanied by monotony, rhythm, a certain tempo, and is often associated with rapid fatigue and nervous exhaustion.

3. Mechanized forms of labor.

4. Automated work. It is characterized by monotony and loss of creative principle.

5. Mental work. It is characterized by increased attention, a large amount of information, increased sensory voltage, emotionality, nervous voltage, reinforced mineral exchange in brain cells, the possibility of stressful situations.

In turn, mental work has the following forms.

1. The work of the dispatcher (increased nervous stress due to a large personal responsibility, especially at nuclear power plants (NPP) and in aviation).

2. Management work (personal responsibility, big volume information).

3. Creative work (emotional stress, memory, attention).

4. The work of the teacher, the health worker (contact with people, a large amount of information, emotional voltage).

5. Student work and students (increased attention, memory, stressful situations).

Any type of employment has the following phases of disability:

1 phase - work (for physical labor time spent from a few minutes to 1.5 hours, for mental labor up to 2.5 hours);

2 phase - high performance (approximately 2-2.5 hours);

3 phase - reduced performance (characterized by fatigue, deterioration, disorder of auditory and visual analyzers, increasing the number of errors).

Statistically the highest productivity of labor is celebrated on such days of the week as Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday.

Human performance also depends on shift and time inside shift:

1. Maximum performance in 1 shift from 8 to 12 hours, in the second shift from 14 to 17 hours;

2. The minimum performance is noted in the night shift, from about 3 to 5 hours.

When organizing its work, it is advisable to comply with the following recommendations:

1. workplace must meet the requirements of ergonomics and technical aesthetics;

2. Combine physical work with mental, observe the alternation of work and recreation, given that mental labor requires more frequent, but short breaks, and the physical on the contrary.

The traditional, officially adopted approach to the problem of restoring the human cost of a person says that a certain amount of energy must be spent on a certain amount of work, which, in turn, should be restored strictly defined by the amount of write.

Energy consumption with different forms of activity

The daily human energy consumption includes the magnitude of the main exchange and the energy necessary for the performance of professional work, sports and other forms of muscle activity. Mental work requires small energy costs. In case of physical work, energy consumption can achieve very large values. For example, when walking energy is spent by 80 - 100% more compared to peace, when running - by 400% or more. Energy Consumption Physical Load

According to the nature of the manufacturing activity and the magnitude of the energy costs, the adult population can be divided into 4 groups. The first group includes persons whose professions are not related to physical labor. The daily energy consumption of them is 2000 - 3000 kcal. In fully mechanized labor, energy consumption is increased to 3,500 kcal. With a non-comedian pulp, the daily energy consumption can reach 4000 kcal. Very heavy uncompaired work causes energy consumption equal to, 4500 - 5000 kcal. In some cases, when performing long and hard work, the daily energy consumption may increase to 7000 - 8000 kcal. With the mechanization of industry and agriculture, energy spending have sharply decreased in workers (for example, when coating manually, the daily consumption of energy reaches an average of 7,200 kcal, with a coating machine - 3,600 kcal). Sports activities are accompanied by a significant increase in daily energy consumption (up to 4500 - 5,000 kcal). In days of training with elevated loads and competitions in some sports (ski racing, running on long distances, etc.) these quantities can be even more. All other things being equal conditions, energy consumption is higher than relatively longer and intensive work performed.

Muscular work is necessary for the normal life of the body. The amount of energy spent directly to physical work should be at least 1200 - 1300 kcal per day. In this regard, for persons not engaged in physical labor and consistent with muscular activities, fewer energy, exercise is particularly necessary.

Emotions arising during any activity also affect the level of energy consumption. They can enhance or, on the contrary, reduce metabolism and energy in the body. Energy spending depend not only on the size of the work performed, but also on the conditions of the external environment, in which the operation is carried out: the temperature and humidity of the air, the barometric pressure, the strength of the wind.

Rhythm working movements also affects energy consumption. However, the rhythm of work that causes minimal energy consumption is not always the most profitable. In general, the tediousness of the work can not be judged by the magnitude of energy spending. For example, very tedious static work requires less energy for its fulfillment than apparent dynamic work.

After the end of muscular activity, energy consumption remains even increased compared to the level of rest. This is due to chemical processes in the muscle associated with the oxidation of lactic acid and the elimination of oxygen debt.

When a man is performed by a mechanical work, the coefficient, useful can reach 20-25%. The rest of the exempted energy turns into heat. Kpd PD physical work Depends on the structure of movements, their pace, from the number of muscles involved in the work, from the training of performing work.

Energy consumption in various activities

Kind of activity	Energy Costs per 1 kg of body weight
Stolyar and Metal Store
Labor Mason
Tractor's work
The work of agricultural worker
Employment work
Mental work in the laboratory sitting
Mental work in the laboratory standing
Classes in school
Personal hygiene
Wearing and removing shoes and clothes
Acceptance of food sitting
Holiday standing
Sitting holidays
Leisure Lying without sleep
Cleaning bed
Physical exercises
Walking 110 steps in 1 min
Walking 6 km / h
Running 8 km / h
Running 10.8 km / h
Cycling at a speed of 10-12 km / h
Swimming at a speed of 50 m / min

Energy consumption in various types of sports activities

Kinds of sports
Gymnastics, fencing
Volleyball basketball
Runners on the core., Jumps, throws
Runners on long dyst.
Boxing, Fighting, Heavy Athletics
a light weight
medium weight
heavy weight
Mountain skiing jumping from springboard
Ski race
Swimming
Shooting
Horseback Riding
Cycling

The last two tables are treated as medium because The level of real Energotrat fluctuates depending on the degree of person's training, external conditions and other factors. Given the lack of accuracy of the method of determining the energy consumption using these tables, the results obtained must be increased by 10-15%.

Energy consumption at rest and during exercise

The growth of physical activity leads to an increase in the energy consumption obtained from the sports diet. From the table we see, for example, that slow walking increases energy consumption compared to a 3 times, and running to short distances - more than 40 times.

Energy consumption at rest and during exercise

Load Character, body condition	Energy consumption for 1 min per 1 kg body weight, callers
Leisure leisure (without sleep)
Mental work Sitting
Reading out loud
Standing in the courtyard
Walking 50 meters per minute
Walking 6 km / h
Walking indoors 100 m / min
Walking on skis at a level place
Swimming
Walking 8 km / h
Walking interspersed with running, 140 m / min
Movement by the obstacle course
Pursuit
Running 60 m at competitions

Significantly affects energy spending the level of training. Sports training reduces energy consumption protects the body of an athlete from overwork, shortens the period for the restoration of forces after work, makes it possible to develop considerable voltage in a short time.

It is achieved by better coordination of movements, greater adaptability of cardiovascular and respiratory systems to work, as well as certain shifts in metabolic processes.

Replenishment of human energy costs

Essentially, the digestion is represented by the "stove", where "firewood" - proteins, fats and carbohydrates, having a calculated amount of energy (1 gram of fat gives 9.3 kcal, 1 gram of carbohydrates and 1 gram of protein - 4.1 kcal). In accordance with this, energy is consumed:

1. To ensure life (together with thermoregulation) - approximately 50-60% (1 kcal per 1 kg of body weight per hour, and during sleep approximately 0.93 kcal per 1 kg of body weight per hour);

Energy Balance - the difference between the amount of energy coming from food, and energy spent organism.

Worker exchange - This is the cost of energy to perform external work. The overall need for energy during mental work is 2500 - 3200 kcal (10 475 - 13,410 KJ), with mechanized labor or light nevertered operation - 3200 - 3500 kcal (13,410 - 14,665 kJ), with partly mechanized work or non-mechanized work moderate severity. 3500 - 4500 Kcal (14,665 - 18,855 kJ), with severe non-mechanized physical work - 4500 - 5000 kcal.

Energy exchange in physical labor

Muscular work significantly increases energy consumption, so the daily energy consumption of healthy manconducted part of the day in motion and physical work, significantly exceeds the magnitude of the main exchange. This increase in energy is a working increase, which is the greater the more intense muscle work.

With muscle work, thermal and mechanical energy is released. Attitude mechanical energy To all the energy spent on the work, expressed in percent, is called a useful coefficient. With the physical manual of a person, the efficiency range varies from 16 to 25% and averages 20%, but in some cases it can be higher.

The efficiency of the useful action varies depending on the range of conditions. So, in the untrained people, it is lower than those who are trained, and increases as exercise.

Energy costs are the greater than an intensive muscular work performed by the body. The degree of energy costs at different physical activity It is determined by the physical activity coefficient (CFA), which is the relation of common energy for all types of activity per day to the magnitude of the main exchange. On this principle, all the male population is divided into 5 groups (Table 10.5)

Significant differences in the energy need for groups depend on the floor (men more), age (decrease after 40 years), the degree of activity of recreation and the level of public utilities.

In old age, energy produces are reduced and by the 80 years amount to 8373-9211 kJ (2000-2200 kcal).

Energy exchange with mental labor

With mental labor, energy produces are significantly lower than with physical.

Difficult mathematical calculations, work with a book and other forms of mental labor, if they are not accompanied by movement, cause an insignificant (2-3%) increasing energy costs compared to full rest. However, in most cases, various types of mental labor are accompanied by muscle activity, especially with the emotional excitation of the working (lecturer, artist, writer, speaker, etc.), therefore, energy produces can be relatively large. The experienced emotional excitement can cause an exchange of exchange by 11-19% over the next few days.

Currently, an approach to human energy consumption is dominated by how much energy is distinguished into the environment in the form of heat. In the Russian Federation it is 3 main categories of gravity of labor: light work(costs up to 150 kcal / hour - accurate instrument making, management, office workers); the work of medium severity: Over 150, but not higher than 250 kcal / hour - most machine-building complexes;

heavy works: up to 500 kcal / hour (blacksmith and casting workshops with manual stuffing)

very heavy work: Over 500 kcal / hour.

Western approach. They proceed from the physiological norm, the maximum. Energy consumption for eight-hour working day. Limit 2000 kcal (289 kcal / hour).

As the first of the main parameters characterizing the gravity of labor, the heart rate is introduced.

1. The work of small muscle groups (with static loads). 2. The work of large muscle groups, but not in Optim-M mode A1\u003e A2.

3. The work of large muscle groups in optimal mode.

Physical work(work) - the fulfillment of the person's energy-their F-Ii in the system "Man is a labor instrument." Physical work divided into two types: dynamic and static. Dynamic Work is associated with the movement of the body of the Chela, his hands, legs, fingers in space; static - With the impact of the load on the upper limbs, the muscles of the case and legs when holding the cargo, when performing work standing or sitting.

Brainwork (Intellectual Activity) - This work combines work related to the reception and processing of information that require advantageous voltage of attention, sensory apparatus, memory, as well as activation of thinking processes, emotional sphere (management, creativity, teaching, science, study, etc. ).

29. Harmful things V. Classification, aggregate state, ways of admission to the human body.

Harmful substance- An extension, which, when combined with a person's body, in case of violation of safety regulations, can cause production-E injury, disease, deterioration of health.

Chemical VV In the head of the classification: 1) industrial. Zada, 2) poisons and chemicals C / X, 3) Household chemicals, 4) Pharmacology, 5) military, 6) biological in -A.

Medicine classifies as you enter the body

1) in household (food poisoning), 2) in production (poisoning through skin damage), 3) Injectable poisoning (bites).

Classifications by degree of toxicity : 1) Extremely toxic, 2) very toxic, 3) temperatic toxic, 4) low-toxic.

The classification of BB of GOST is divided: dangerous and harmful Explosive

SUB-T 4 Class: 1- physical group factors (mechanical machine, weightlessness, increased email value, etc.).

2- chemical group of factors (irritating effect, sensitizing, general oxid, mutagenic, etc.)

3- biological (pathogenic, biological).

4- psychophysiological (Mental work, physical labor indicators).

By the nature of interaction with a person share: 1)active factors (Manifested. Due to the energy, to be in them): Mechanical, electric, EL / Magn, ionizing. flavored, biological, nervous psychol, etc.; 2) active Passive F-Ry (manifested. Something. Energy, a carrier of the K-Roy is a person, the danger of work at height, slippery to surface); 3) passive F-Ry (Affected by indirectly (ch-s is something).

By damage is classified: ecologist., Economy. and social.

In the development of the standards, it is advised:

Eliminating any unreasonable island

Reduce dose

Use-e special. Remedies

A- personnel directly working;

B-personnel serving radioactive installations;

And the dose limit of -20 msv in Tech. 5 years, but not\u003e 50 mW for 1 year.

B dose limit -1 msv in Thch.5 years, but not\u003e 5 mW for the year.

Methods of protection against ionizing radiation

1) the method of protection of quantity, i.e. Use-E sour-in with minima. The exit is a wave-me, here also includes sealing.

2) time protection (ie. It is possible to carry out such a regulation, at which the dose is received, I received the work for the time of work, will not exceed the foreword)

3) shielding (lead, concrete)

4) Distational Source Management

5) zoning territory

6) protection distance

Devices for measuring or control subsection for:

Dosimeters (measured) exposure or absorbed radiation dose, power of these doses)

Radiometers (measured the activity of the nuclide in the radioactive source);

Spectrometers (measured the distribution of the energy of the time, mass and charge elegs);

Signaling devices;

Universal devices (dosimeters + others);

Detection device.

Ticket 18.

13 . Characterization of human analyzers

The process of feeling-goes is made on six channels: touch, hearing, eyesight, taste, smell, earthly burden. Six senses give a person a diverse infection of the environment of the objective world, which is reflected in consciousness in the form of subjective images - sensations, perception and memory presentation. The entire apparatus required for the feeling of sensation was called the analyzer. Analyzers - syst. Specialties of nervous formations, the cat: perceive the ivl to the environment. We are in the world and inside the body; transmitting info and treat it; I will ensure the adaptation of the body to Izm-Youth. and internal medium.

Characteristics of the analyzer:

1) nizhny (absolute.)the threshold of sensations is a minima-I bought on physical irritation, with the achievement-and whom his feeling appeared.

2) Top threshold feeling- This is Max-I bought on irritant, in which it is still preserving its adequate (specific) perception. E \u003d 1 / J 0 - the feeling of the feelings of the AN-RA.

3)Differentian threshold (The threshold of distinction) is the difference of m / in 2 physical irritations, which can be recognized by their sensation difference.

Latent period- The period of adaptation to the physical irritant.

Each analyzer consists of three parts: 1)receptor(peripheral partaN-RA) -Konch-I feel of the nerve fibers or specialty cells, transforming irritants, taken from outside (exterorceptors) or from ext. The environment of the body (interior) in the nerve is an acceptance transmitted to the center. part of the bark goal. Brain.2) conductor - conductor of nervous excitement; 3) cork end of the analyzer(bark heads of the brain central partaN-RA), where the excitement is perceived as a sensation.

By percent The sense of the signal is distinted. 4 stages:

1) percent. irritation (physical stage) 2) percent. Excitation (physiological) 3) percent. The subjective is feeling (psychological) 4) percent. I conclude judgments (logic).

The analyzers are also M.B. :

External (exteroceptive - skin); 2) internal (interoceptive).

Distinguish two groups of sensations: 1. Feelings, reflecting bonds of items and phenomena of the circumference of the Mother of the world: touch, i.e., the feeling of touch and pressure, temperature feeling (heat, cold) and pain; Then the sensation is auditory, visual, taste, olfactory and earth attraction. 2. Feelings, reflective moti-me separate parts The body and state of their internal organs (engine sensations, a feeling of equilibrium body, the sensation of organs and tissues).

The energy necessary for human activity is distinguished in its body in the process of the oxidation-reducing decay of carbohydrates, proteins, fats and other organic compounds contained in food. Redox reactions in living organisms can proceed with both oxygen and oxygen participation. Anaerobic oxidation is characterized by a smaller amount of released energy and has limited importance from higher organisms.

In the aerobic oxidation of 1 grease in the body, 38.94 is released, and when oxidizing 1g protein or 1G carbohydrates - 17.6 kJ of energy. This energy is partially consumed for the performance of useful work and partially dissipates in the form of heat, heating the human body and the environment (Muscular tissue efficiency - 40 ... 60%).

The combination of chemical reactions in the human body is called metabolism. For the characteristics of the total energy metabolism, the concepts of the main exchange and metabolism are used in various activities.

The main exchange is characterized by the magnitude of the energy costs in a state of complete muscle rest under standard conditions (with a comfortable ambient temperature, 12 ... 16 hours after meals in the lying position). Energy consumption for vital processes under these conditions for a person weighing 75 kg is 87.5 W.

Changing the posture, intensity of muscle activity, information saturation, the degree of emotional voltage and other factors lead to additional energy costs. So, in the sitting position due to the work of the muscles, the cost of energy is exceeding at 5 ... 10% the level of overall exchange, in the standing position - by 10 ... 15%, with a forced inconvenient position - by 40-50%.

With intensive intellectual work, the brain need in energy is 15-20% of the main exchange (the brain mass is 2% of body weight). Increasing the total energy costs at mental work is determined by the degree of neuro-emotional tension. So, when reading out loud, the energy consumption increases by 48%, when speaking with a public lecture - by 94%, from operators of computing machines - by 60 ... 100%. Increasing metabolism and energy consumption during operation leads to an increase in heat generation. With severe physical operation, the body temperature can increase by 1 ... 1.5 degrees.

The energy consumption rate can serve as criterion for the severity and tensions of work performed, which is important to optimize the working conditions and its rational organization. The level of energy consumption is determined by the method of indirect colorsimetry, i.e. Complete gas analysis (the volume of oxygen consumption and extracted carbon dioxide is taken into account). With an increase in gravity of labor, the consumption of oxygen and the amount of energy consumed increases significantly.

3. Classification of working conditions

Working conditions - This is a combination of factors of the production environment and an employment process that affect the health and performance of a person in the process of labor.

In accordance with GOST 12.0.002-80, four groups of labor factors are distinguished:

Physical factors including microclimatic parameters and dusting of the air environment, all types of radiation, vibration-acoustic characteristics of the workplace and lighting quality;

Chemical factors including some substances of biological nature;

Biological factors where pathogenic microorganisms are classified, protein preparations, as well as drugs containing live cells and disputes of microorganisms;

Labor process factors;

Working conditions under which the impact on working harmful and hazardous production factors is excluded or their level does not exceed hygienic standards, referred to as safe working conditions.

Working conditions are generally assessed in four grams. Safe working conditions - This is the optimal (1st grade) and permissible (2nd class) conditions.

Optimal (comfortable) working conditions (1st grade) provide maximum labor productivity and minimal human body tension. This class is installed only to evaluate the parameters of the microclimate and the factors of the employment process. For other factors, such working conditions under which adverse factors do not exceed the safe limits for the population are considered to be optimal.

Permissible working conditions (2nd class) are characterized by such levels of environmental factors and an employment process that do not exceed by hygienic standards for jobs. Possible changes in the functional state of the body are restored during the regulated holiday or by the beginning of the next shift and should not have adverse effects in the near and long-term period for the health of working on its offspring. Optimal and allowable classes correspond to safe working conditions.

Harmful working conditions (3rd class) are characterized by the presence of harmful production factors exceeding hygienic standards and have an adverse effect on the body of the working and its offspring. Depending on the level of exceeding standards, the factors of this class are divided into four degrees of harm:

3.1 - causing reversible functional changes in the body;

3.2 - leading to persistent functional disorders and increasing growth;

3.3 - leading to the development of professional pathology in a slight form and an increase in the number of chronic diseases;

3.4 - leading to the emergence of pronounced forms of occupational diseases, a significant increase in chronic and high level of morbidity with temporary disability.

Train safety (extreme) working conditions (4th grade). The levels of production factors of this class are such that their impact during the work shift or part of it creates a threat to life or a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational diseases.

Working in terms of non-compliance with regulatory requirements is possible only with a reduction in the exposure time of harmful production factors, i.e. Reduction of work shift - time protection.

Depending on the actual condition, the working conditions of enterprises and organizations in agreement with the trade unions establishes a surcharge of 4 ... 24% of the tariff rate. Supplements are installed on specific workplaces and are charged working during actual employment in these places. In coordination with the trade union, a period of up to one year, additional payments may be higher than established by the calculation, but not more than 12% for severe and harmful working conditions and 24% on work with particularly severe and especially harmful working conditions.