The world famous inventor of antibiotics is the Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming, who is attributed to the discovery of penicillins from mold fungi. It was a new turn in the development of medicine. For such a major discovery, the inventor of Penicillina received even the Nobel Prize. The scientist reached the truth by a study path, no one generation of people from death. The ingenious invention of antibiotics allowed to exterminate the pathogenic flora of the organism without serious health effects.
What is antibiotics
From the moment of the appearance of the first antibiotic, many decades have passed, but the discovery is well known to medical workers around the world, simple inhabitants. Antibiotics themselves are a separate pharmacological group with synthetic components, the purpose of which is to disrupt the integrity of the pathogenic pathogens, cease their further activity, to imperceptibly derive from the body, prevent general intoxication. The first antibiotics and antiseptics appeared in the 40s of the last century, since that time their range was significantly replenished.
Useful properties of mold
Antibiotics, which were produced from mold mushrooms, are well helped by the increased activity of pathogenic bacteria. Therapeutic effect of antibacterial drugs in the body system, all this thanks to the useful properties of mold. The discoverer Fleave the laboratory method was possible to single out penicillin, the benefits of such a unique composition are presented below:
- green mold suppresses bacteria resistant to other drugs;
- the benefits of mold fungus is obvious in the treatment of abdominal typhoid;
- mold exterminates such painful bacteria as staphylococci, streptococci.
Medicine until the invention of Penicillin
In the Middle Ages, humanity knew about the colossal benefits of mold bread and a separate type of fungi. Such drug ingredients were actively used to disinfect purulent wound participants in combat operations, excluding blood infection after surgery. There was still a long time to scientific opening of antibiotics, therefore, the positive aspect of penicillins of the physician drew out of the surrounding nature, was determined by numerous experiments. Checked the effectiveness of new funds on the wounded fighters, women in the state of the birth of hot.
How to treat infectious diseases
Not knowing the world of antibiotics, people lived on the principle: "only the strongest survivors", according to the principle of natural selection. Women died from sepsis during childbirth, and fighters - from infection of blood and suppuration of open wounds. To find a tool for effective cleansing of wounds and the exclusion of infection at that time could not, so more often, the signs and healers used local antiseptics. Later, in 1867, the Surgeon from Great Britain has determined the infectious causes of the appearance of the suppuration and the benefit of carbolic acid. Then it was the main treatment of purulent wounds, without the participation of antibiotics.
Who invented Penicillin
The main question, who opened Penicillin, has several conflicting responses, but it is officially believed that the Creator of Penicillina is the Scottish professor Alexander Fleming. Since childhood, the future inventor dreamed of finding a unique medicine, so he entered a medical school on the basis of Hospital Holy Maria, which he graduated in 1901. A colossal role in the opening of Penicillina played almrot Wright, the inventor of the vaccine against abdominal typhoid. With him, Fleming was fortunate enough to rise in 1902.
A young microbiologist studied at the Kilmarn Academy, then moved to London. Already in the status of graduate scientist, Fleming opened the existence of Penicillium Notatum. The scientific discovery was patented, a scientist after the end of World War II in 1945 even received the Nobel Prize. Prior to that, Fleming was repeatedly noted by prizes and valuable awards. The man began to take antibiotics in 1932, and before this study was carried out mainly on laboratory mice.
European scientists developing
The founder of bacteriology and immunology is the French microbiologist Louis Paster, who in the nineteenth century described in detail the detrimental effects of soil bacteria on tuberculosis pathogens. The world-famous scientist laboratory methods proved that some microorganisms - bacteria can be exterminated by other - mold mushrooms. The beginning of scientific discoveries was laid, the prospects were made grandiose.
The famous Italian Bartolomeo Gosio in 1896 in his laboratory was invented by mycoophenolic acid, which was called one of the first antibiotic drugs. Three years later, German doctors Emmerich and Lovo discovered a pyroceately basis - a synthetic substance that can reduce the pathogenic activity of diphtheria, typhoids and cholera, to demonstrate a stable chemical reaction against the livelihoods of microbes in the nutrient medium. Therefore, disputes in science on the topic who invented antibiotics do not pose at present.
Who invented Penicillin in Russia
Two Russian professors - halves and Manassein argued on the theme of the origin of the splashes. The first professor argued that all microbes went from mold, and the second was categorically against. Manasine began to explore the green mold and found that the colonies of pathogenic flora were completely lacking near it. The second scientist engaged in the study of the antibacterial properties of this natural composition. Such a ridiculous accident in the future will be true salvation for all mankind.
Russian scientist Ivan Moznikov studied the effect of acidophilic bacteria with fermented milk products, which beneficially affect the systemic digestion. Zinaida Yermoliev generally stood at the origins of microbiology, became the founder of the famous antiseptic lysozyme, and in history is known as "Mrs. Penicillin." Fleming realized its discoveries in England, in parallel to the development of Penicillina, domestic scientists worked. American scientists did not sit in vain either.
Inventor of Penicillina in the USA
American researcher Zelman Vaxman parallelly engaged in the development of antibiotics, but in the United States. In 1943 he managed to get an effective synthetic component of a wide range of action called Streptomycin in relation to tuberculosis and plague. In the future, its industrial production was established to destroy harmful bacterial flora from a practical position.
Chronology discoveries
The creation of antibiotics was gradual, with a tremendous generation experience, proven general scientific facts. In order for antibacterial therapy in modern medicine, it turned out so successful, many scientists "put on this hand." The inventor of antibiotics is officially considered Alexander Fleming, but other legendary personalities were assisted to patients. That's what you need to know:
- 1896 G - B. Gosio created a mycophenolic acid against Siberian ulcers;
- 1899 G - R. Emmerich and O. Low opened a local antiseptic based on pyocenesis;
- 1928 G - A. Fleming opened an antibiotic;
- 1939 G. Gerhard received the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine for the antibacterial action ripped;
- 1939, N. A. Krasilnikov and A. I. Koreniako became the inventors of the antibiotic Mitsetin, R. Duibu discovered Tyrritsin;
- 1940 G - E. B. Chain and G. Flory proved the existence of a stable extract of penicillin;
- 1942 G - Z. Vaxman offered the creation of a medical term "antibiotic".
History of opening antibiotics
The inventor decided to become a physician in the example of his older brother Thomas, who in England received a diploma and worked as a doctor-ophthalmologist. In his life there were many interesting and fateful events that allowed him to make this grand opening, provided an opportunity to productively destroy the pathogenic flora, ensure the death of whole colonies of bacteria.
Research by Alexander Fleming
The opening of European scientists was preceded by an unusual story that occurred in 1922. Cooking, the inventor of antibiotics did not put on the work of the mask and accidentally sneezed into a cup of Petri. After some time, it suddenly found that harmful microbes were killed at the place of saliva. It was a significant step in the fight against pathogenic infections, the ability to cure a dangerous disease. The result of such a laboratory study was devoted to scientific work.
The next fateful coincidence in the inventor's work occurred six years later, when in 1928 the scientist left for a month to relax with his family, after having sowed staphylococcus in the nutrient medium from Agar-Agar. Upon return, it was discovered that the mold was angry from staphylococcus transparent liquid, unnaviable for bacteria.
Obtaining an active actant and clinical studies
Given the experience and achievements of the inventor of antibiotics, Microbiology scientists Howard Flory and Ernst Chene in Oxford decided to go further and took up the preparation of the drug suitable for massive use. Laboratory studies were carried out for 2 years, as a result of which a pure effect was determined. He fell in the society of scientists himself the inventor of antibiotics.
With the help of such innovation, Flori and Chain cured several complicated cases of progressive sepsis and pneumonia. In the future, Penicillina developed in the laboratory conditions began to successfully treat such terrible diagnoses such as osteomyelitis, gas gangrene, maternity hospital, staphylococcus septicemia, syphilis, syphilis, other invasive infections.
What year invented Penicillin
The official date of nationwide recognition of the antibiotic is 1928. However, this kind of synthetic substances were revealed before - at the internal level. The inventor of antibiotics is Alexander Fleming, but for this honorary title, European, domestic scientists could sort. The Scots managed to glorify his name in history, thanks to this scientific discovery.
Running into mass production
Since the discovery was officially recognized during the Second World War, it was very difficult to establish production. However, everyone understood that with his participation you can save millions of lives. Therefore, in 1943, in the conditions of hostilities, the leading American company was engaged in the serial release of antibiotic funds. In this way, it was possible not only to reduce mortality rates, but also to increase the life expectancy of the civilian population.
Application during World War II
Such a scientific discovery was especially appropriate in the period of hostilities, since people died thousands of purulent wounds and large-scale blood infection. These were the first experiments on people who gave a steady therapeutic effect. After the end of the war, the production of such antibiotics did not just continue, but also at times increased by volumes.
The value of the invention of antibiotics
Modern society to this day should be grateful that scientists have managed to come up with an effective antibiotic antibiotic infections and embodied their development. Such pharmacological purposes can safely take advantage of adults and children, cure a number of dangerous diseases, avoid potential complications, fatal outcome. The inventor of antibiotics is not forgotten at the present time.
Positive moments
Thanks to antibiotic drugs, death from pneumonia and labor is rare. In addition, there is a positive dynamics with such hazardous diseases like abdominal typhoid tuberculosis. With the help of modern antibiotics, you can destroy the pathogenic flora of the body, cure hazardous diagnoses at the early stage of infection, eliminate global blood infection. An indicator of child mortality decreased noticeably, women in childbirth die much less often than in the Middle Ages.
Negative aspects
The inventor of antibiotics then did not know that over time, pathogenic microorganisms are adapted in the antibiotic medium and will cease to die under the influence of Penicillin. In addition, there is no medicine from all causative agents, the inventor of such a development has not yet appeared, although modern scientists seek this for years, decades.
Gene mutations and the problem of bacteria resistance
Pathogenic microorganisms were inherently so-called "inventors", since under the influence of antibiotic preparations, a wide range of action are able to gradually mutate, acquiring increased resistance to synthetic substances. The issue of bacteria resistance for modern pharmacology is especially acute.
