The history of the emergence of sports shoes. The history of sneakers - how and when did sneakers appear? (1 photo). The history of the appearance of shoes "sneakers"

Sneakers and sneakers these days are not even a fashionable must-have, but the same essential thing as a kettle or an umbrella. Wardrobe modern man It is inconceivable without a pair of sports shoes that play an increasingly important role in the image of men and women, politely pushing aside the most beautiful, but not so functional options. A young man complementing a suit with sneakers, or a woman who chose sneakers instead of stilettos for the dress? The usual thing. But this shoe has been around for many years, and it has become a cult one, as evidenced by the opening of the exhibition The Rise of Sneaker Culture in one of the largest art museums in the United States - Brooklyn Museum.

(20 photos total)

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1. Running shoes created in the 1860s. One of the oldest pairs of sneakers that have survived to this day. (Photo: Greg Washington / American Federation of Arts / Bata Shoe Museum)

Incredibly, the history of sneakers (this is a common name for sneakers and sneakers) goes back not even decades, but centuries. The first models of footwear for "competition walking" appeared at the beginning of the 19th century. Since then, its design and usability have been continuously improved. The Rise of Sneaker Culture exhibit consists of 150 pairs of shoes that started out as a curious novelty and now continues as a symbol of urban style. In the museum you can admire unique archival items from Adidas, Converse, Nike, Puma, Reebok, creations of iconic designers different years and even on models created in collaboration with legendary artists (for example, Damien Hirst).

2. Converse sneakers, 1917. (Photo: American Federation of Arts)

This model was called the All Stars and debuted as a "gym shoe". The modern counterpart does not differ much in design from its ancestor and is still very much loved by fashionistas.

3. Sports shoes of the Dominion Rubber Company, 1925. (Photo: Hal Roth / American Federation of Arts / Bata Shoe Museum)

4. Waitzer model by Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik, 1936, created by the German shoemaker and future founder of Adidas Adi Dassler for the 1936 Olympic Games. (Photo: Adidas AG / Studio Waldeck / American Federation of Arts)

5. Gripper from Converse, late 1940s or early 1950s. (Photo: Ron Wood / American Federation of Arts / Bata Shoe Museum)

6. Nike's Waffle Trainer, 1974, the first attempt at a truly lightweight running shoe. (Photo: Ron Wood / American Federation of Arts / Bata Shoe Museum)

7. Superstars model autographed by rappers Run DMC, who sang in 1986 hit My Adidas, 2011. (Photo: Ron Wood / American Federation of Arts / Bata Shoe Museum)

8. Adidas, 1980. (Photo: Adidas AG / Studio Waldeck / American Federation of Arts)

9. Model Micropacer from Adidas, 1984, with built-in microsensor of consumed kilocalories. (Photo: Ron Wood / American Federation of Arts / Bata Shoe Museum)

10. Nike, 1984-1985. (Photo: Ron Wood / American Federation of Arts / Bata Shoe Museum)

11. Nike model, 2003. (Photo: Ron Wood / American Federation of Arts / Bata Shoe Museum)

12. Nike, 2005. (Photo: American Federation of Arts)

13. Sneakers designed by rapper Kanye West for Louis Vuitton. (Photo: Ron Wood / American Federation of Arts / Bata Shoe Museum)

14. Fashion designer Pierre Hardy pioneered the development of pop art athletic shoes in the late 1990s. (Photo: American Federation of Arts / Bata Shoe Museum)

15. A pair created by Puma in collaboration with Undefeated designers in 2009. (Photo: Ron Wood / American Federation of Arts / Bata Shoe Museum)

It is difficult to determine exactly when sneakers appeared, but it is known that already at the end of the 18th century there were shoes with rubber soles. At the same time, these "boots" could not be understood - where is the left, and where is the right ...

19th century: Almost the very beginning

Approximately at 1892 year the world has learned what sneakers are. The American Rubber Company introduced rubber-soled boots with a fabric upper. But only in 1917, thanks to Marcus Converse, their mass production began. We now know these sneakers under the Converse All-Stars brand.

In principle, in 2017, you can celebrate not only the 100th anniversary of the revolution, but also the centenary of sneakers.

On the other side of the Atlantic in 1895 year Englishman Joseph William Foster made the first studs by simply hammering small studs into his shoes - this is how J. ‘W. Foster & Co ". She is now known by the name Reebok.

How did Foster come up with spiked shoes? It's simple - firstly, he was a shoemaker by profession, and secondly, he loved to spend time with the Primrose Harriers running club from Bolton.

Despite the fact that even in 1908 all J. ‘W. Foster & Sons "was made by hand and by individual order, the company began to produce sneakers for different types jogging: indoor, hurdling, trail running, medium distance. By the late 1920s and early 1930s, the company had become the leading manufacturer of athletic shoes in Foggy Albion.

A little later, Foster made non-studded shoes - this is how sneakers appeared.

By the way, already in 1905 in Glasgow, Great Britain's national record for the 10-mile race was set. Alfred Schrabb ran this distance in 50 minutes 40 seconds, of course he had Foster's sneakers on his feet.

In the meantime, a company from Pennsylvania was developing in the USA from the banks of the Sakony Creek. The company was founded in 1898 by four businessmen - William Donnoyer, Thomas Levan, Walter Snyder and Benjamin Rader.

Apparently, the guys realized what they could make good money on - in 1896 the first marathon took place, and in 1897 the first race took place in Boston.

Wherein Saucony almost immediately focused on working with professional athletes.

By 1908, the company was producing 800 pairs of sneakers a day in its factory - a lot for that time.

In 1910, Russian émigré Abraham Hyde, a shoemaker by trade, opened a factory and a shoe store in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Hyde Athletic Industries initially focused on slippers, but by the 1930s had a full line of athletic shoes. During World War II, Hyde made shoes for the army. In the early 1960s, when the space race began, Hyde Athletic Industries began producing shoes for NASA astronauts.

1968 the year was a landmark for Saucony and Hyde Athletic Industries. The latter absorbed the Pennsylvanians and moved all production and headquarters near Boston. However, the brand, popular by that time, was retained.

XX century: the arms race

After the end of the First World War, the "Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory" ( 1920 year), which made slippers and orthopedic shoes for the rehabilitation of disabled people from old car tires and discarded uniforms. By 1925, Rudolph and Adolf had invented football boots, and in 1928 the brothers received a patent for spikes - at the Olympics in Amsterdam in the same year, some German athletes had already competed in Dassler shoes.

It's amazing how convinced Aryans and followers of the NSDAP decided on an unprecedented act - to give a pair of their spikes to a black athlete from the United States.

Four gold medals and five world records at the 1936 Olympics - such is the achievement of an American in shoes. Dassler.

And the brothers Adolf and Rudolph won the personal enmity of Hitler, and later the confiscation of the factory for the needs of the German army during World War II.

V 1948 year after the death of their father, the Dassler brothers had a falling out. The result was the division of the business and so the world got the brands Adidas and Puma, competing with each other for several decades.

The first high-profile success of Adolf and Adidas after breaking up with his brother - Emil Zapotek's victory at the 1952 Olympics. The Czechoslovak runner wins in Helsinki in three running disciplines at once - 5000 m, 10000 m and marathon. By the way, this achievement has not yet been surpassed.

In the 1960s, most track and field athletes wear Adidas shoes. At the end of the decade, the company patented a molded polyurethane sole - the technology is still used today, and not only by the German concern.

Armin Hari finishes in Puma spikes to climb the podium for gold in Adidas in a few minutes.

At the same time, Rudolph concentrates on football and the first decade Puma was engaged in the release of boots. However, already at the 1960 Olympics in Rome, the "hundred-meter" race was conquered in spikes from Puma.

However, German sprinter Armin Hari wanted to make money on contracts with both brothers, so he came to the awards ceremony in Adidas spikes. The situation infuriated both Dasslers, and the runner was left with a nose, albeit with two gold medals (he received the second for the relay 4 x 100 m).

By the way, Puma was the first shoe manufacturer to start using vulcanization when creating shoes - when rubber turns into rubber, to put it simply. This happened in the 1960s. In the future, the company introduced quite a few interesting innovations in sports shoes, for example, the DISC SYSTEM lacing.

Today the company is seriously developing the running segment, and the unrivaled Jamaican sprinter is the locomotive here. Usain Bolt who has a lifetime contract with the brand (he receives approximately $ 10 million annually).

The fastest man on the planet - Usain Bolt managed to smile at the photographer at the 100-meter race before the golden finish, Rio 2012

Meanwhile, in 1960 year, the Olympic marathon was won by Ethiopian stayer Abebe Bikila. And he ran it barefoot.

However, it is worth going back to 1960s in the USA.

Here in Oregon, on the Pacific coast, a company is born Blue ribbon sports which sells Japanese sneakers in the American market. But soon Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman started working on their own shoes - so in 1971 sneakers with "waffle" soles appeared. And in the same year the company was renamed and is now known as Nike.

Probably, it is thanks to Nike that most people in the world run today. Their shoes have enabled millions to play sports.

By the way, Nike founders bought sneakers from the company Onitsuka tiger which has been operating in the Japanese market since 1949. Kihachiro Onitsuki's business grew and in 1977 the sprawling company was renamed to ASICS(the name contains an abbreviation from the Latin aphorism "Anima sano in corpore sano" - "In healthy body a healthy mind ").

Today the corporation ranks 5th among the largest manufacturers of running shoes in the world.

In the Land of the Rising Sun, Mr. Onitsuki had a rival in the person of the brothers Rizo and Rihachi Mizuno. These enterprising businessmen opened their sports store back in 1906. They sold Western goods such as baseball gear. Mizuno Shop developed rapidly and already in 1913 the brothers opened their own production. Pay no attention to the runners Mizuno just couldn't. However, the company focused on professional athletes, Mizuno even became the official supplier of equipment for the 1980 Olympics in the USSR.

Again in 1960, the Boston company ( Well, where else could the manufacturers of running shoes appear, if not in the capital of marathon running?) New balance introduced the Trackster sneaker with a unique "pulsating" sole, with different shoe widths.

It was a real success for the company, founded in 1906 and specialized mainly in the manufacture of instep supports. From that point on, New Balance became associated with running, with high school, college and university teams running in their sneakers. Participants of the Boston Marathon also took a closer look at the brand.

I wonder what the company Brooks sport only started making running shoes in the 1970s. Initially, the company, which emerged in 1914 as a modest family business, was dedicated to the production of bathing shoes. In the 1930s, footwear appeared for football, basketball, baseball, and other team sports.

Brooks pioneered the use of EVA - EVA, a special foam - to create an outsole that absorbs shock.

Further development and innovation allowed the company to gain a foothold in the market and create shoes for runners of all skill levels, including ultramarathon runners.

By the way, Scott Jurek runs in Brooks.

1970-1980s- this is generally such an era of improvement. All the manufacturers did was to improve the sneakers by inserting air cushions, gel inserts, support systems and the like into them. For example, Adidas' Torsion support system (1988) or Reebok's Pump fit technology (1989).

XXI century: back to the future

At some point, the running shoe market turned upside down. There were already cool players, great sneakers and unique technologies. Natural running became popular among runners - in other words, they wanted simpler sneakers, without bells and whistles. And they began to offer them - sneakers, taking into account the requirements for minimalistic running, appeared in almost all manufacturers.

In the wake of the popularity of minimalism, many manufacturers have appeared, including Vivobarefoot and Xero Shoes (offer almost flip flops for running). Everyone was talking about naturalness, a return to the origins ...

Last but not least, Christopher McDougle's book "Born to Run" played a role in popularizing barefoot running. Big and cool story about Caballo Blanco - a keen runner who staged a race with the participation of the best ultramarathon runners and the Mexican Tarahumara Indians, who are famous for their almost never-ending races in the Copper Canyon.

However, the Indians do not run barefoot, but homemade sandals from pieces of car tires. But these aren't sneakers either, are they?

And in 2005, shoes from the Italian brand Vibram appeared on the market, which had specialized in mountaineering shoes since 1937. And then everyone immediately rushed to run barefoot and in minimalist shoes, so corporations began to offer their own developments - like Nike Free, for example.

V 2006 year the Nike + system was introduced, allowing runners to track their runs using a sensor in their sneakers. And then it began new era because the running boom has erupted again.

The era of digital-running began - everyone appeared aimed at attracting "young and green" runners to the ranks. More and more people began to appear on the runs with players and phones. The parkrunner movement is gaining popularity, more and more people are participating in marathons ...

By the way, "smart sneakers" were already presented to the world in 1986. These were the Adidas Micropacer, a model with a built-in microprocessor, which was activated during a run by a sensor in the area thumb left leg, counted the distance traveled and the time of the run, and also calculated the calories burned. Doesn't it look like anything?

Not far behind in terms of computerization of sneakers and Puma, the eternal rival of Adidas - in the same 1986, the company introduced the Puma RS Computer. They could do the same thing, but they also connected to an Apple II computer! Although the design of the sneaker certainly let down, the electronic filling was put on a strange "stern" at the heel. They lived only one season, unlike the competitor, which lasted until the end of the 2000s.

If you think that all players on the market appeared at the beginning of the 20th century, then you are mistaken. There are examples of the birth of brands in our century, which has just begun. Here are a few of them.

In 2003 the company appeared Inov-8, founded by Wayne Edie. It took the manufacturer less than a decade to gain recognition from runners. At the same time, Inov-8 specializes in off-road footwear.

In the same year, the brand was launched in China 361 ° - for several years it has become a leader in the Asian region, not so much due to low prices, but rather to technology. In addition, the Chinese have become sponsors of the Asian Games, and more recently, they have also supported the Olympic Games.

A company appeared in the American Boulder in 2007 Newton running promoting natural running.

In 2009 the company appeared Altra... Gaudin Harper, Brian Beckstead and Jeremy Howlett decided to develop anatomically comfortable footwear with zero toe-to-heel drop. The popularity of runners is also evidenced by the recognition of runners - the company was one of the 10 largest manufacturers of running shoes and was the fourth in the trail running market ( data from the Herald Journal for 2015).

We probably won't be mistaken if we say that the brightest brand that has appeared in the last decade is HOKA ONE ONE... It was formed by ultramarathon runners and former top managers of Salomon Nicolos Mermoux and Jean-Luc Diar.

V 2009 year they decided reinvent sneakers reinvented. And they did it. We can say that Mermu and Diar combined the advantages of mountain bike and ski wheels in their first prototype. Everyone to whom they showed ready-made samples of their sneakers were surprised at the external bulkiness and, at the same time, the extraordinary lightness of the shoe. It is not for nothing that the slogan of the company has become the phrase “Time to fly” - thanks to HOKA sneakers, athletes could run longer, farther and faster.

All in all, HOKA has created a unique running shoe that has been enjoyed by amateur runners and ultramarathon professionals from all over the world for several years now.

And Adidas uses for their shoes ...

The first similarity of sneakers appeared at the end of the 18th century, when shoes with rubber soles spread. A century later, the history of athletic shoes has stepped forward twice: the Englishman Joseph Foster invented the first spiked shoes, and the American Rubber Company created the first sneakers with a rubber sole and a fabric upper.

When the sneakers went on sale in 1917, buyers called them “sneakers” from the word “sneak”, since a person walked in them so quietly that he could sneak up unnoticed.

But the real revolution in the history of sneakers was made by Adi Dassler and his family. After the First World War, hard times fell on Germany. Then german family Dasslerov decided to organize her own business - sewing shoes. One of the world's largest sports footwear companies began its history with the production of slippers and footwear for disabled people who returned from the war. They made their first shoes from discarded military uniforms and car tires, which became an excellent sole. Later, the family bought out the whole factory: by the end of the 1920s, about 100 pairs of shoes were produced per day. At the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, German athletes competed for the first time in Dassler shoes. And a few years later, at the Games in Berlin, American runner Jesse Owens, performing in the company's shoes, sets as many as five world records.

The company's success is undermined by the war: convinced Nazis, the Dassler brothers go to the front, and the company is confiscated by the new government. However, after a few years the soul of the company - Adolf Dassler - is returned to the factory to sew training shoes for German soldiers. After the war, the brother cannot forgive Adolf for continuing production while he was in captivity; the company "Dassler" ceases to exist and is divided into two competitive concerns: Rudolph gets the future "Puma", and Adolf gets "Adidas".

Adi Dassler is soon launching the studded football boots. In 1954, the German national football team won the World Cup for the first time in history. In the 1970s, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union decided that the Soviet national team would be shod in Adidas sneakers.

Dassler remained the life of the party until his death. He could notice the only defective sneaker in his factory and apply his trademark punishment to the culprit - forcing him to walk, putting on this sneaker and experiencing severe pain. Once, already in the 70s, while watching the Olympic Games on TV, Adolph noticed that the Cuban runner Juantoren, wearing specially designed Adidas sneakers for him, makes strange movements. Then, while on the other side of the world, he contacted his people at the Olympics with a request to check his shoes. It turned out that the runner himself had inadvertently enlarged the spikes on his sneakers, because of which he could not run properly. After fixing the shoes, Juantoren won two Olympic gold medals at different distances.

At this time, "Puma", which became the most vicious competitor to "Adidas", also did not lag behind. Many athletes chose this particular brand and were not disappointed, winning competitions again and again. In the late 1960s, the company invented the world's first velcro sneakers, enticing a large segment of consumers. In 1970, legendary footballer Pele led his team to victory in the World Cup wearing Puma boots. The same brand was chosen by Diego Maradona in 1986, when he received the title of the best player in the Championship. The brand's logo, depicting a jumping puma, has not changed since 1967; only occasionally did the jumping cat take on a more modern shape.

Another company famous for making sneakers, Reebok began with an English shoemaker's passion for running. This was the very same Joseph Foster who invented the world's first studded shoe at the beginning of the 20th century, simply by attaching a few nails to the soles of his shoes. Soon the Englishman founded his own company. Unlike Dasslers, he made shoes individually, to order. After the 1904 victory of the runner in Foster's shoes, the businessman asks numerous new customers to send them the shape of his foot drawn on paper. It was Foster who created the first shoe measuring scale.

Wars became a time of calm for his company, and only in the 1950s did Foster's sons continue their active work, giving the company the name Reebok. Even in his youth, their father was presented with a dictionary of the South African edition at the competition. It was there that young people found the word reebok, which in translation meant the African antelope, which became a symbol of running for them. The company's heyday came in the 80s, when the emphasis was not on the shoes of professional athletes, but on everyday sports models and sneakers for women who were engaged in aerobics that had become fashionable.

In the 1960s, Adidas was the most popular brand in America, but the company's sneakers cost about $ 30, and only professional athletes could afford them. This situation led economist student Phil Knight, a University of Oregon runner, and his coach Bowerman to come up with simple scheme: Order sneakers in Asian markets and resell them in America. Knight made his first sales from a van, simply stopping at crowded place... In 1965, his team, headquartered in a garage, decided to name their business after Nike, the Greek goddess of victory.

The company soon began producing its own sneakers. In 1971, student Carolyn Davidson drew the company's logo in the form of a check mark for only $ 30. When the company became successful, Knight presented her with a diamond statuette of the logo and a share of Nike stock.
The youngest modern sneaker brand is Nike, which, unlike others, is only the result of a successful business model.
In 1975, an event occurred that led to the fact that "Nike" conquered half of the athletic shoe market in America. According to legend, one day at breakfast, Bowerman was examining a waffle iron, and it dawned on him that if the sole of his sneakers was embossed, they would become lighter, and the push from the ground would be stronger. Soon sneakers with "waffle" soles became the best-selling sneakers in the United States. It is Nike who is responsible for the air cushioning in the outsole and bright design sneaker with colored elements.

The fact that today in our wardrobe there are such comfortable shoes as sneakers, we owe a young student from America. It was he who came up with the first model. Since then, shoe models have changed every year, but the principle remains the same.

Modern sneakers don't really have such a rich history. They appeared only recently, in the mid-60s of the last century. To be more precise, in 1964. The origins were Nike, which was founded by a young athlete Phil Knight together with his trainer Bill Bowerman.

The strength is in the details

More precisely, they do not own the very shape of sports shoes, but one small technological detail, without which it is simply impossible to imagine today's sneakers. This is a small rubber heel insert that revolutionized running technique. So, one detail gave the world a completely new concept of footwear and made the creators famous.

The notion was not born by itself. It was caused by an urgent need. The fact is that in those days, all runners ran with a straight back, bent knees and had to put their feet under the thigh. Sports shoes of those times did not have sufficient cushioning. All that separated the foot of the foot from the surface of the earth was a thin layer of fatty layer of the human body itself. We can say that it felt like running without shoes at all.

Accordingly, injuries in running disciplines occurred with frightening regularity, as the foot reacted to any unevenness of the running surface.

Idea first, product later

Interestingly, Bill Bowerman has never done professional running himself. But at the same time he was quite a good coach. At the age of 50, he met a real celebrity - Arthur Lydyard. The latter belongs to the concept of fitness running, which today is used by all athletes everywhere. After talking with Lidyard, Bowerman even decided to write a book on correct running technique.

And it was during the writer's attempts that the American came up with the idea to insert a small piece of rubber under the heel of the sneaker. A slightly raised leg behind, according to Bowerman, should have made it easier to push off the surface. And runners will be able to use the entire surface of the foot, not just the forefoot as before.

By the way, Bowerman also came up with the idea for the grooved surface of the sneakers. Interestingly, he came up with this after watching his own wife for a long time. And to create a corrugated surface, he was pushed by an ordinary waffle iron, which his wife used in the kitchen.

Interestingly, the first shoe was named Nike Cortez. The creators compared their shoes with the famous discoverer of South America, who, in fact, destroyed the ancient civilizations of the Indians and brought new values to the continent.

The international cooperation

At the time of the idea of a new type of sneaker, the creators did not have their own capabilities to produce these products. Therefore, I had to cooperate with already well-known companies... In those days, the products of the Japanese company "Asics" and were especially popular. It was these companies that helped the young Nike start his glorious journey.

As a result, everyone was in the black. The young company received start-up capital, thanks to which it eventually took a leading position in this area. Assistant companies gained access to new technologies that are still in use today.

When the sneakers went on sale in 1917, buyers called them “sneakers” from the word “sneak”, since a person walked in them so quietly that he could sneak up unnoticed.

But the real revolution in the history of sneakers was made by Adi Dassler and his family. After the First World War, hard times fell on Germany. Then the German Dassler family decided to organize their own business - sewing shoes. One of the world's largest sports footwear companies began its history with the production of slippers and footwear for disabled people who returned from the war. They made their first shoes from discarded military uniforms and car tires, which became an excellent sole. Later, the family bought out the whole factory: by the end of the 1920s, about 100 pairs of shoes were produced per day. At the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, German athletes competed for the first time in Dassler shoes. And a few years later, at the Games in Berlin, American runner Jesse Owens, performing in the company's shoes, sets as many as five world records.

In the 1960s, Adidas was the most popular brand in America, but the company's sneakers cost about $ 30, and only professional athletes could afford them. This situation prompted economics student Phil Knight, a runner at the University of Oregon, and his trainer Bowerman to come up with a simple scheme: ordering sneakers in Asian markets and reselling them in America. Knight made his first sales from a van, just stopping in a crowded place. In 1965, his team, headquartered in a garage, decided to name their business after Nike, the Greek goddess of victory.

The company soon began producing its own sneakers. In 1971, student Carolyn Davidson drew the company's logo in the form of a check mark for only $ 30. When the company became successful, Knight presented her with a diamond statuette of the logo and a share of Nike stock.
The youngest modern sneaker brand is Nike, which, unlike others, is only the result of a successful business model.
In 1975, an event occurred that led to the fact that "Nike" conquered half of the athletic shoe market in America. According to legend, one day at breakfast, Bowerman was examining a waffle iron, and it dawned on him that if the sole of his sneakers was embossed, they would become lighter, and the push from the ground would be stronger. Soon sneakers with "waffle" soles became the best-selling sneakers in the United States. It is Nike who is responsible for the air cushioning in the sole and the striking design of the sneaker with color elements.