Rashid Sunyaev. Astrophysicist Rashid Sunyaev: Does a modern person need a native language? Membership in scientific societies

Delegate of a number of congresses of the World Congress of Tatars, honorary guest of the VIII World Forum of Tatar Youth, an outstanding astrophysicist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, director of the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Garching (Germany), laureate of the State Prize Russian Federation and a number of international awards Rashit Sunyaev answered by e-mail to the question of the Internet portal www.congress.tatar:

Does knowledge affect Tatar language in the Russian Federation, including in Tatarstan, for the development of the economy?

Full text of Academician Rashit Sunyaev, received from Germany by e-mail:

It is not easy for me to answer this question. I am sure that 100 years ago, knowledge of Tatar influenced the development of the economy of Tatar villages.

My grandfather Abdurakhman told how their villages in the north of the Penza province were purchasing raw hides for their workshops in Tatar villages near Orenburg and further in the Kazakh steppe. At one time (a couple of hundred years ago) the Tatars held a significant share of Russia's trade in tea with China through customs on the border of Siberia with China (now it is the border with Mongolia). Again, our villages in the Penza province were actively engaged in the side trade in Astrakhan. And everywhere the reason was the language that was understood by at least a part of the local economically active population in Orenburg, Kazakhstan, Astrakhan, Altai, and Tuva.

Historians write a lot about this. In the provinces of central Russia and in colonies such as the Baltic States and Poland, the role of Tatar merchants was negligible (perhaps with the exception of trade with the Karaites and Lithuanian Tatars Trakai, who actively sold tobacco from the Crimea). Trade and industry, the printing houses of the first Tatar manufacturers were mainly aimed at the population of Tatar villages and workers' settlements scattered over vast territories, and, most importantly, to the East: Kazakhstan, Central Asia, the Uyghur population of western China, those areas where people understood our language ...
It was there that people later fled from collectivization, repression, etc. etc.

Already for the generation of my parents (born in 1912 and 1917) it became clear that without the Russian language it would be very difficult to get a modern education. And this despite the fact that my father, after the arrest of his family, came to Tashkent alone at the age of 17, knowing no one in the city and practically having no money in his pocket. He quickly found a job after reading an advertisement in Uzbek that an Uzbek-language newspaper needed a proofreader (it was 1929, the Arabic script predominated). The father found the specified address. An elderly Tatar, after an hour's check, told him that he did not know Uzbek, but that he would learn, and that he was fluent in the Arabic script. The issue was resolved.

My father went to school in Ruzayevka in Russian. My grandmother Latifa taught my father's Arabic language and writing in Tatar. She tried to teach Arabic script (so I could read old books) and me in elementary school. Unfortunately I don't remember anything.

In 1932, when children of disenfranchised people were allowed to study three specialties; for civil engineer, mechanical engineer and mining engineer. My father went to study in industrial construction, although he dreamed of being a doctor or a Tatar writer. Education in Uzbek was much lower, there were no textbooks or qualified teachers. He understood this, and went to the Russian groups.

Me with younger brother already targeted only the best Russian schools (in Tashkent, a significant percentage of schoolchildren in them were Jews, Armenians and Tatars). As a result, in the 10th grade, I took first place at the Mathematical Olympiad in Central Asia and Kazakhstan.

Unfortunately, the train has left: even an average-level specialist in Russia can be raised only if he knows Russian well. In Russia, a student can become a good specialist in medicine, science, modern technology only if he knows English well and has access to the Internet or books and magazines in English. And this is not only in Russia. 23 years ago, when I started giving lectures at the universities of Munich, not all listeners knew English.

Now there are simply no such students at universities in technical, scientific, medical specialties. My youngest son Ali is a full professor of computer science and computer science at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (one of the top three technical universities in Germany), lectures to senior students at English language although he has a wonderful Hoch Deutsch. Karlsruhe is one of the richest cities in Baden-Württemberg.

Baden-Württemberg, along with Bavaria and Hesse, is one of the richest and most developed lands (regions) in Germany. The Swabians live there, they have their own dialect of German (like the Mishars, or like the Bashkir language), and there was still a kingdom 140 years ago. At home, many of them speak Swabian, and there are many anecdotes about their possession. But in the city you will hardly hear this dialect, everyone speaks "high German" - the language of Martin Luther's Bible. All the people who graduated from the gymnasium speak English well. True, there are also real schools and ordinary schools that train those who will not be drawn to higher education. But they also study English there.

My daughter Zulya is a doctor at the University of Munich Clinic, she speaks excellent German, but every week she receives a subscription to the New England Journal of Medicine, published in Boston in English, with information on medical science news and the latest therapies.

My professional German physics now worse than that the level that I had in my student years. There is nowhere to use it, everyone around them uses English. Only Turkish taxi drivers and shop assistants speak German to me, and not all of them. Many people switch to English or Russian as soon as I say a couple of phrases.

But before the Second World War, German was the language of international communication of all physicists of the world, everyone tried to be published in German journals. Where is it to the local dialects. Ali and Zula graduated from gymnasiums and universities in Bavaria, they know (heard from friends) individual phrases, understand the words that I ask the woman responsible for keeping the coffee machines at the Institute filled with beans or coffee powder, and that even on weekends clean cups, spoons, forks, etc. were enough for graduate students.

Bavarian, unlike Tatar, was never a written language, it was never taught at school. Bavarians have always considered themselves Germans, but of course they have, like the Swabians, Saxons or Prussians, their dialects, their habits, pride in their history and local heroes.

I cannot imagine Tatarstan without the Tatar language. At the same time, we must not forget that professionals in Russia need to know Russian, and in big world- English.

We all see how the Russian language is losing ground in professional matters with the decline in the level of science, medicine, technology in our country. All leading economists in the world and in Russia know English, most of the largest discoveries of modern economics have been made at US universities.

The Catalans are another matter. They had their own language, their own poetry. Catalonia and the Basque country lead in economic development among the autonomous regions of Spain. A colleague of mine, a professor at the University of Barcelona, who has taught at the best universities in the United States for many years, returned to work in Catalonia, and at night he translates into English the poems of the Catalan medieval poets of the classics and publishes them. The world should know that its people had excellent literature of the chivalrous period. Children in lower grades have the opportunity to learn (and learn) in their own language.

And the Irish have practically lost their language, they speak and write in English (many English writers were Irish: Shaw, Swift and many others). But they remain Catholics and Irish, no matter where in the world they live.

It is interesting to talk about the language in Israel. Most Ashkenazi (Jews of Central and Eastern Europe) spoke Yiddish at home, there was literature (Sholom Aleichem, etc.), there were songs, Jews from Holland, Turkey and Morocco, expelled from Spain at one time, spoke Espanyol, Bukharian Jews and Iranian Jews spoke Dari (Tajik) and Farsi, from Yemen - in Arabic, from Ethiopia - in Amhara. Now they have one language, ancient Hebrew, whose vocabulary is growing by a couple of percent every year. There is modern literature, and this language unites the people, whose grandfathers had such different culture and languages. All that is needed is the will of the people to speak with each other in their native and beloved language.

Guzal and I often watch a family video about our loved ones. Three of our Moscow granddaughters (eight, six and three years old) are studying with a teacher of the Tatar language at home. There is not much progress, although their names are Aliya, Alsou and Karima. And the day before yesterday they were visited by two of our granddaughters from Karlsruhe: Kamilia (2 years and 9 months) and Selma (8 months). Muscovites were very surprised how Kamilya vividly jumps from Russian to Tatar, speaking now with them, now with her mother, and sometimes she is forgotten and gives out tirades in German with a strong Swabian accent, which she speaks with friends in kindergarten... Rigina and Ali shared responsibilities: mom speaks to her (and understands her) only in Tatar, and dad only in Russian. Nothing, Kamilya copes, and how.

Likewise, in Denmark and Holland about 30 years ago, workers in the workshops of institutes where they made devices for our satellite, instantly switched from German to French or English, depending on the interlocutor, and spoke among themselves in their native language.

From this we can conclude: knowledge and free use of several languages, including the native language, is the normal state of an intelligent and successful person living in modern society, often away from their families and friends, from their villages and towns, from their Republic.

PS Everything that I wrote above refers to rather rare and far from mass professions: scientists and engineers working in the latest areas of research, young doctors, geneticists and biologists in leading clinics and research institutes and firms, programmers, economists, bankers, etc. and so on. But the vast majority of people do not work in science, but in the service sector, trade, construction, transport, and agriculture. They stand firmly on their feet, although from time to time they need to improve their qualifications, to master the methods of work developed in modern laboratories.

But such work does not require the obligatory knowledge of English at a good level and continuous improvement of working methods. If all subjects taught in schools around the world were taught in Tatar at school, then, most likely, translated and original textbooks in Tatar would quickly appear. If at universities and colleges and universities they read lectures in Tatar just as they are read in Russian or Japanese, Turkish, Hungarian or Serbian, nothing terrible would have happened. A few hours a week are enough to study Russian (as a state) or English (as a foreign). But then the people would have a real, developing together with the whole world, their beautiful and native language, and not a language that is spoken only at home.

To preserve the language, the will and desire of many people are needed, schools are needed where all subjects are taught in their native language, universities are needed, at least of the type of the former Kazan Pedagogical Institute, which is lost and quickly disappears in the bowels of the KPFU, enthusiasts are needed who will write textbooks, will support Wikipedia in Tatar, so that students and teachers can learn (when needed) about the main directions and results of modern research.

Linguists and historians are very important. Our children must know their history, the history of their villages and cities, their states, we must return to the people the names and the best of the poems of the medieval Golden Horde poets, the names of the scientists and architects who worked then, the names of the dead cities and cities, in the place of which modern large cities now stand, but their early history is forgotten.

There are many peoples in the world, comparable to our people or even smaller in numbers, who teach children in schools and universities in their own languages, and nevertheless remain quite competitive globally. Do we want our people not to completely dissolve, as many Turkic and Ugro-Finnish peoples and tribes have disappeared, and the number of others continues to decrease (for example, our neighbors are Mordovians: in 1939 it was almost twice as large as in 2010, and the number Udmurts decreased by almost one and a half times between the censuses of 2002 and 2010).

The native language, communication in it, is extremely important for the preservation of the people. You must not forget your language. It is necessary to speak it at home, with family, friends, acquaintances, neighbors, colleagues at work and with everyone who knows him as well as you. It must be taught at school and in courses, one must listen to old folk songs, watch television programs on it. And then it will be alive, and your children and grandchildren will speak on it.

All the best. Rashid Sunyaev

Help from Wikipedia

Sunyaev Rashid Alievich. was born on March 1, 1941 in Tashkent in a Tatar family originating from Mordovia. Graduated from the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Moscow State University. At the same time he studied at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and graduated from the MIPT at the Faculty of General and Applied Physics. Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1973), professor. He headed the Department of High Energy Astrophysics of the IKI RAS, since 1992 - Chief Researcher at the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He is also the director of the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Garching (Germany).

In collaboration with Ya. B. Zel'dovich, he created a theory known as the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, according to which the relic radiation in space is gradually scattered under the influence of electrons.

RA Sunyaev, together with NI Shakura, developed a model of accretion disks that are formed when matter falls onto a black hole and cause strong X-rays from binary systems in which one of the stars is a black hole or a neutron star.

RA Sunyaev took part in important studies of the early Universe, including research on the recombination of hydrogen in the Universe and the appearance of angular fluctuations of the relic radiation. He headed the team that carried out instrument observations on the Kvant module, which was part of the Mir orbital station. With the help of this module, in 1987, for the first time, hard X-rays from a supernova were recorded, associated with the decay of radioactive nickel synthesized during the death of a star, turning into radioactive cobalt and then into iron. His group at IKI was responsible for astrophysical observations from the Granat and INTEGRAL satellites, and is currently preparing the international astrophysical project Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma. At the Institute of Astrophysics of the Society. Max Planck, he works in the field of theoretical high-energy astrophysics and physical cosmology, and also participates in the interpretation of data from the European Space Agency Planck spacecraft.

The son of Rashid Alievich is Shamil Sunyaev, professor at Harvard Medical School.

Awards

Bruno Rossi Prize of the American Astronomical Society (1988)
International Academy of Astronautics Foundation Science Prize (1990)
Memorial Scientific Prize. John Lindsay Space Center. Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, USA (1991)
Robinson Prize in Cosmology, University of Newcastle, UK (1995)
Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1995)
Sir Messi Gold Medal of the Royal Society and COSPAR (1998)
Katherine Bruce Gold Medal of the Pacific Astronomical Society (2000)
State Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology in 2000 for the study of black holes and neutron stars using the X-ray and gamma-ray astrophysical observatory "GRANAT" in 1990-1998.
The A. A. Fridman RAN 2002 Prize for the series of works "The effect of decreasing the brightness of the relict radiation in the direction of the galaxy clusters"
Danny Heineman Prize in Astrophysics from the American Institute of Physics and the American Astronomical Society (2003)
Gruber Prize for Cosmology and Gold Medal of the P. Gruber Foundation and the International Astronomical Union (2003)
Lecture by Karl Jansky (2005)
Main Prize of MAIK-Nauka Publishing House for publications in the field of physics and mathematics (2007)
Crafordapo Astronomy Prize Royal Academy Swedish Sciences (2008)
Karl Schwarzschild Medal (highest award of the German Astronomical Society) (2008)
Henry Norris Russell Award (American Astronomical Society Highest Honors) (2008)
King Faisal International Prize (2009)
Kyoto Prize (2011)
Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics for "Fundamental Contribution to Understanding the Early Universe and the Properties of Black Holes" (2012)
Einstein Professor of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (2013)
Eddington Medal (2015)
Gold medal named after Ya.B. Zeldovich RAS (2015)
Oscar Klein Medal (2015)
State Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology 2016 - for the creation of the theory of disk accretion of matter onto black holes

Membership in academies

Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1984)
Member of RAS (1992)
Foreign Member of the US National Academy of Sciences (1991)
Member of the International Academy of Astronautics (1986)
Member of the European Academy of Sciences (1990)
Foreign Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1992)
Honorary Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan (1995)
Member of the Max Planck Society (1995)
Member of the German Academy of Natural Sciences "Leopoldina" (2003)
Foreign Member of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences of the Netherlands (2004)
Foreign Fellow of the Royal Society, UK (2009)

Membership in scientific societies

Member of the International Astronomical Union (1986).
Vice President of COSPAR (Space Research Commission of the International Union of Scientific Unions) (1988-1994).
Honorary Member of the American Astronomical Society (1990).
Member of the European Astronomical Society (1991)
Vice President of the European Astronomical Society (1991-1993)
Fellow of the American Physical Society (1993)
Foreign Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society of Great Britain (1994)
Foreign Fellow of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia (2007)

Source: http://www.business-gazeta.ru

THE FAMOUS ACADEMICIAN TOLD THAT IT IS POSSIBLE TO PROTECT THE EARTH FROM AN ATTACKING ASTEROID BY SUPPLYING AN ENGINE ON IT AND CHANGING THE ORBIT, AND THERE IS NO NEED TO EXPLODE IT

The Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan celebrated the 70th anniversary of astrophysicist Rashid Sunyaev, a man for whom the distance to the nearest stars is "very small - only a few parsecs." He is used to operating with other, unimaginable numbers - millions, billions of times more. The academician's sphere of interests is amazing - high-energy astrophysics, cosmology, black holes and neutron stars ... Yesterday the correspondent of "BUSINESS Online”Asked the hero of the day about the theory of the many-sided Universe and the possibility of observing the Earth's past through a telescope, and from his three sons and daughter I heard a lot of interesting things about their illustrious father.

... OR DON'T GIVE A MEDAL

Anniversary celebrations in the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan in honor of the 70th anniversary of the academicianRashida Sunyaevaturned out to be bright. WITH unusual gifts to the hero of the day and from the hero of the day - to Kazan astronomer colleagues (three laptops). With three interesting reports - the hero of the day, his student and colleague, leading researcher at the Institute of Space Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Honorary Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of TatarstanMarat Gilfanova (his speech dedicated to the teacher was called "Half a century in science: from the theory of accretion and physical cosmology to X-ray satellites") and the son of Rashid Alievich - a professor at Harvard UniversityShamilya Sunyaeva(topic - "Human genome and genomes of other organisms").

The jubilee meeting was opened by the President of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of TatarstanAkhmet Mazgarov.He awarded Sunyaev - "an outstanding astrophysicist of our time, a glorious son of the Tatar people" - the Gold Medal of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan "For achievements in science."

The gold medal clearly delighted the academician, who, in fact, has countless awards. He remarked with pleasure and not without humor: "This is the first gold medal that I receive in my home country!" And ... urged the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan not to lower the bar:

The value of the medal for contributions to science, awards for achievements in science - any scientific award - is largely determined for me and the list of people who received it before you. In this regard, the gold medal of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan is unique, so far only Mintimer Shaimiev and Roald Sagdeev have received it. These are two people whom I respect infinitely. Therefore, I consider this medal especially honorable ... And it is extremely important that the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan does not lower the bar! Find people of this kind or don't give (medal) ...

The most famous scientists of the republic congratulated academician Sunyaev, each of whom spoke a lot warm words... From Kazan Federal University (Sunyaev is his honorary professor) - rectorIlshat Gafurov.From astrophysicists of Kazan- Head of the Department of Astronomy and Space Geodesy, AcademicianNail Sakhibullin (verses!). From Kazan Physics and Technology, KIPT - its director, academicianKev Salikhov…

Congratulations from the first President of the Republic of TatarstanMintimer Shaimiev and Speaker of the State Council of the Republic of TatarstanFarida Mukhametshina (he is in Strasbourg, he could not come), the Vice-Speaker of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan toldRimma Ratnikova.

Academician Rashid Sunyaev and President of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan Akhmet Mazgarov

I whispered to Sagdeev: "CAN I TELL ME A FEW WORDS TO PAPE IN TATAR?"

Talking about his biography, he showed a photo where he and his boss at that time - the director of the Institute of Space ResearchRoald Sagdeev– at a reception with the Pope. And I remembered this episode: “We were told that the Pope speaks any language, and everyone can speak to him in his own language. I whispered to Sagdeev: "Maybe I should say a few words to the Pope in Tatar?" He: "Not worth it." And there Dad and I spoke German, English, French, Ukrainian ... "

Academician Sunyaev also told that two people played a special role in his life - his father and the academicianYakov Zeldovich.

Rashid Alievich told about Zeldovich in a funny - and surprisingly indicative - case. The young scientist Sunyaev made a presentation at the Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the audience categorically did not accept the new ideas. One of the gray-haired scientists said: “Everything is wrong! It can't be! "

And then, somewhere at the end of the lecture, when I was completely beaten, Zeldovich came in. He sees the situation and says one phrase: "And Rashid is right." And then I looked - this whole room starts nodding its heads! Then I understood what it means when heavy artillery is behind you ...

IN THE UNIVERSE 3 MILLION SUPER MASSIVE BLACK HOLES

Quite quickly, in 15 minutes, having finished with his biography, Rashid Alievich moved on to his scientific work. Naturally, I didn’t talk about everything I was doing, no lecture would have been enough for it if it had lasted all day, because the academician’s scientific interests include high-energy astrophysics, cosmology, the theory of background radiation of the Universe, physics of the intergalactic medium ... his scientific research: study of the interaction of radiation and plasma in extreme astrophysical conditions: in the early Universe, in the nuclei of galaxies and quasars; methods of searching and identifying black holes and neutron stars ...

The academician spoke in such a way that in the hall, not only whispering, no rustling was heard ... I was especially surprised by the ease of transition from gigantic values to vanishingly small ones - astrophysics operates with both.

Try to imagine: 1.5 thousand galaxies that are in a common gravitational pit. The speeds of these galaxies are about 1,000 km per second (!). The space between galaxies is filled with hot gas with temperatures ranging from 30 to 100 million (!) Degrees ... There are 3 million supermassive "black holes" in the Universe. And here is another figure that astrophysics also deals with: the density in that very cluster of galaxies is one electron per 30 cubic centimeters (how was it found there at all?).

PUTIN AND THE DARK ENERGY OF THE UNIVERSE

Sunyaev spoke with enthusiasm that only a few percent in a massive galaxy cluster are stars, 15% are hot gas (remember the temperature?), And 80% - "we don't know what it is!" It is a dark substance (apparently dark in every sense). "We are investigating the properties of this dark substance, but no one in the laboratory can see it yet."

The academician said: “In a cluster of galaxies, you can also find the properties of dark energy. Vladimir Vladimirovich Putincame, watched our satellite project and became terribly interested, asked, what is it - dark energy? This dark energy, I think, people will never be able to observe in the laboratory. " The only way to find out about it (and this, according to Sunyaev, "the force that moves the world today") is through observations in a cluster of galaxies ...

WE ARE NOT READY TO PROTECT OUR LAND YET, EVERYONE UNDERSTANDS THIS

Academician Sunyaev answered questions from the audience, and then from journalists. Business newspaper Online »in detail told about the impact from space in February this year, when a meteorite exploded over the Chelyabinsk region, the mass of which is estimated at about 50 tons, and the diameter - 3 meters. Is there a chance that our Earth will meet another space visitor within the next 100-200 years?

The academician emphasized how important it is to know in advance about such an "attack" on the Earth:

If the asteroid is small and could destroy an area 50 by 50 kilometers in a rural area, the area should be evacuated if you can warn people in a day. Astronomers will be able to do this ... But if it threatens a millionth city - here you need to think about what can be done, how ... There is different projects... But all this requires gigantic funding. We are not yet ready to defend our Earth, everyone understands this.

On the question of whether it is possible to blow up a meteorite flying to Earth, the academician answered as follows:

This is the easiest way that comes to mind. But not everything is so simple. Because sometimes it might be better if one big body falls. It is necessary to calculate everything ... You can put an engine to the asteroid, which will quietly push it. Our Earth is very small, and if you put such an engine far enough on the asteroid, you can slightly change its orbit, so that it will fly by. And there will be no need to blow up anything, and it will be easier to deliver such an engine ... People are now thinking about different possibilities. The most important thing is to detect in advance, warn and see what can be done ...

In passing, the academician remarked that "astrophysics suddenly became an applied science."

IN VERY MANY RANGE OUR EARTH IS MUCH BRighter than THE SUN

Absolutely fantastic "stories" about which the academician told, pushed the correspondent of "BUSINESS Online ”To asking him almost fantastic questions.

- Rashid Alievich, in You said in your interview that in astrophysics every year brings new knowledge, that maybe we will look far into the past, we will be able to talk about the time when the age of the Universe was insignificant fractions of a second. Will it not be possible to observe through a telescope past life on planets, and from other planets - the past on Earth? Such a virtual time machine?

I think it's impossible. Many years ago, people did not know a single planet, except for the planets. Solar system... Today, I don’t remember the exact number, but there are more than 800 known planets in other stars ... Now the task is to find planets the same as the Earth, which have approximately the same temperature, approximately the same gravity, which have oxygen and water. That is, in principle, life must be ... And so many people are thrown into this. When we have several hundred planets that are almost the same as our Earth, I think we will learn a lot about the origin of life. If you look at our Earth from afar, it turns out that in very many frequency ranges - where we have mobile phones, television stations -our Earth is much brighter than the Sun ... I think if we found something like this near any of these planets, it would be a technogenic era. Will we see it, no? .. We are now observing the planets, they are all very close to us, the distance to these stars is very small - only a few parsecs ... These are the closest stars to us, and we are talking about distances of millions, billions of times more. And even in this insignificant piece of the Galaxy, next to us, we already see 800 planets. Can you imagine how many planets there are in this Galaxy ?! That is, completely unusual opportunities are opening up, we will learn a lot in the next few decades.

- What is all this - our Universe: is it possible that it is just in some spring leaf of another Universe? Does the whole Universe also live in some leaf on our tree?

Well, I don't think that there is a Universe in a green leaf ... But there is such a scientist, Professor of Stanford University Andrei Linde, so he was one of the first who put forward the theory of the many-sided Universe - that there is an infinite number of Universes with completely different parameters. And what is now worrying physicists: is there any, at least indirect, confirmation of this? If another Universe is absolutely independent of ours, there are other physical laws, and we cannot learn them in any way ...

Academician Sunyaev said that on March 21, as he put it, "a huge press conference in Paris" will take place, at which scientists will talk about the new results of the European Space Agency's Planck satellite.

THE SYUNYAYEV FAMILY

A rare case - the whole family of the Sunyaevs - their spouses and their four children - gathered for a press conference at the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan. At the request of the press, the three sons and the daughter of the academician spoke a little about themselves.

Shamil Sunyaev(answered the question of the newspaper "BUSINESS Online "about the father):

I cannot evaluate my father as an academic scientist, I work in a completely different field. I can evaluate him either as a son or from a general point of view, because I understand what he does and what his contribution to science is ... From my father I took hard work in the first place, although I'm not sure if it was successful enough. Assertiveness, thoughtfulness, purposefulness ... ( Shamil also told reporters that he is married and has two children).

Usman Sunyaev:

I am the only one of my sons who did not get into science, I head the department IT in a Moscow bank. Dad instilled in me a love of work, that you need to work 24 hours a day. Mom and Dad will confirm that if I come on vacation, I work at the computer on vacation ... Wherever I am, the phone always breaks off. Let's hope that someday, when I am 70 - 80 years old, someone will say good things about me. And I am the only one who remained from a family in Russia, I live in Moscow ... I have two daughters: the eldest Aliya, the youngest Alsou.əş it Ğ ali u ğ l ı S ө n ə yev , Rәshit Gali uly Sunәev) - an outstanding Soviet and Russian astrophysicist, full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Born on March 1, 1943 in Tashkent, into a Tatar family from Mordovia. Studied at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and graduated from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1973), professor. He headed the Department of High Energy Astrophysics at the Institute of Space Research (IKI) RAS, since 1992 - Chief Researcher at IKI RAS. Director of the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Garching (Germany).

In collaboration with Zeldovich, he created a theory known as the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, according to which the relic radiation in space is gradually scattered by the action of electrons.

Together with Nikolay Shakura developed a model of accretion disks that form when matter falls onto a black hole and cause strong X-rays from binary systems in which one of the stars is a black hole or a neutron star.

Sunyaev participated in important studies of the early Universe, including research on the recombination of hydrogen in the Universe and the appearance of angular fluctuations in the relict radiation. He headed the team that carried out instrument observations on the Kvant module, which was part of the Mir orbital station. With the help of this module, in 1987, for the first time, hard X-rays from a supernova were recorded, associated with the decay of radioactive nickel synthesized during the death of a star, turning into radioactive cobalt and then into iron. Sunyaev's group at IKI was responsible for astrophysical observations from the Granat and INTEGRAL satellites, and is currently preparing the Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma international astrophysical project. At the Institute of Astrophysics Society. Max Planck Sunyaev works in the field of theoretical high-energy astrophysics and physical cosmology, and also participates in the interpretation of data from the spacecraft of the European Space Agency ( ESA) Planck.

Academician Sunyaev has numerous awards, including the Bruno Rossi Prize of the American Astronomical Society (1988), the Prize in Basic Sciences of the International Academy of Astronautics (1990), the V.I. John Lindsay Space Center. Goddard, NASA, USA (1991), Robinson Prize in Cosmology, University of Newcastle, UK (1995), Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1995), Sir Messi Gold Medal of the Royal Society and COSPAR (English) (1998), Catherine Bruce Gold Medal Pacific Astronomical Society (2000), State Prize of the Russian Federation in Science and Technology in 2000 for the study of black holes and neutron stars using the X-ray and gamma-ray astrophysical observatory GRANAT 1990 - 1998, International Scientific Prize (Physics) named after V.I. King Faisal (2009), Kyoto Prize (2011), Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics for “fundamental contributions to understanding the early universe and the properties of black holes” (2012), etc.

On March 18, 2013 he was awarded the Order of Merit to the Republic of Tatarstan.

Sunyaev is a member of more than 20 academies different countries, including Honorary Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan (1995).

(From Wikipedia)

Honorary Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan

Born in 1943. Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1973), Professor of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. Foreign member of the US National Academy of Sciences, member of the European Academy of Sciences, member of the Society. Max Planck, honorary academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Belarus, honorary member of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, member of the International Academy of Astronautics. Head of the Department of High Energy Astrophysics at the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Graduated with honors from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (1966).

Major works - on the theory of compact space sources of X-ray radiation, the interaction of matter and radiation in extreme conditions. Scientific results: the theory of disk accretion onto black holes and neutron stars (Shakura and Sunyaev; 1973), the Sunyaev-Titarchuk formula (1980), which describes the emission spectrum formed during Comptonization in hot plasma, the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect (1972), which allows determining the distance to galaxy clusters with hot intergalactic gas. This effect opens up the possibility of directly determining the Hubble constant, which characterizes the rate of expansion and age of the Universe, and also makes it possible to measure the speed of motion of a cluster of galaxies relative to the microwave background (relict) radiation. The effect is included in the observation program of the world's largest radio telescopes. In 1970, Ya.B. Zeldovich and R.A. Sunyaev predicted the existence of Doppler peaks in the angular distribution of the CMB. The first Doppler peak was discovered experimentally in 2000. In June 2001, NASA launched the MAR satellite, and the European Space Agency is preparing to launch the PLANCK satellite for a detailed study of Doppler peaks, which carry the most important information about the main parameters and history of our Universe.

In 1974, academician R.Z. Sagdeev invited Ya.B. Zeldovich and R.A. Sunyaev to organize the Department of Theoretical Astrophysics at the Space Research Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1974-1982. R.A. Syunyaev headed the laboratory in this department. In 1982 he founded the Department of High Energy Astrophysics at the IKI of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1987-2001. this department was responsible for the operation of the orbital X-ray observatory on the KVANT module docked to the MIR space station. The main achievement of this observatory is the discovery of hard X-rays from Supernova 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud, associated with the radioactive decay of cobalt-56, synthesized during the explosion of a star and turning into iron.

On December 1, 1989, the international orbital observatory GRANAT was launched into high-apogee orbit from the Baikonur test site. The Department of High Energy Astrophysics was responsible for the planning and processing of scientific data for this observatory, which consists of Soviet, French and Danish X-ray telescopes. The POMEGRANATE has worked in space for ten years. Among the scientific results of the satellite - the discovery and localization of three cosmic sources of gamma radiation in the line of annihilation of electrons and positrons, the discovery of three X-ray novae, an X-ray pulsar, two bursters - flaring X-ray sources, six candidates for black holes. GRANAT discovered quasiperiodic oscillations of X-ray radiation from five black hole candidates and the first source in the Galaxy with superluminal visible scattering of radio components. The orbital observatory GRANAT recorded over a hundred X-ray bursts from bursters, over two hundred cosmic gamma-ray bursts and seventy X-ray bursts on the Sun. He discovered several cases of deuterium synthesis on the surface of the Sun in an amount of more than a ton in each case. The department continues to work with the archived data of this satellite.

R. A. Sunyaev is the scientific supervisor of the work on the creation of the promising International Orbital Observatory SPEKTR-X-RENTGEN-GAMMA, which is preparing to be launched into orbit by the PROTON rocket in 2003. Leading institutes, universities and research laboratories in Russia, Great Britain, Denmark, Italy, USA, Finland, Switzerland, Germany, Hungary, Canada, Israel, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey, Ukraine and Spain are preparing the scientific equipment for the project.

R.A. Sunyaev is the scientific leader from Russia of the project for the creation of the International Orbital Gamma-Ray Laboratory INTEGRAL. The project is being developed by the European Space Agency with the participation of the Russian Space Agency and NASA. The laboratory will be launched into high apogee orbit in 2002 with a PROTON rocket, for which Russian scientists will receive 25% of all observations.

In 1988 R.A. Sunyaev was awarded the Bruno Rossi Prize of the American Astronomical Society for outstanding results in the field of high-energy astrophysics; in 1995 he won the Robinson Prize (Great Britain) for outstanding contributions to cosmology, the Academy of Astronautics Prize, and the Russell Prize in Cosmology at Newcastle University. He is the holder of gold medals of the Royal Astronomical Society (Great Britain), the Pacific Astronomical Society (USA), vice-president of COSPAR (1988-1994), a member of the Max Planck Society (Germany).

In 2000 R.A. Sunyaev received the State Prize of Russia for the results of observations of black holes and neutron stars with instruments of the GRANAT orbital observatory. In 2008 he was awarded the Krafurd Prize of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Henry Norris Russell Prize of the American Astronomical Society. The last award was given to a scientist from Russia for the first time.

R.A. Sunyaev - Adjunct Professor at Columbia University in New York (1989-1995), editor-in-chief of the journals "Letters to the Astronomical Journal" and "Astrophysics and Space Physics Reviews" (USA), honorary member of the American Astronomical Society, foreign member of the Royal Astronomical Society ( Great Britain), Vice President of the European Astronomical Society (1990-1993).

... OR DON'T GIVE A MEDAL

Anniversary celebrations in the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan in honor of the 70th anniversary of the academician Rashida Sunyaeva turned out to be bright. With unusual gifts to the hero of the day and from the hero of the day - to Kazan astronomer colleagues (three laptops). With three interesting reports - the hero of the day, his student and colleague, leading researcher at the Institute of Space Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Honorary Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan Marat Gilfanova(his speech dedicated to the teacher was called "Half a century in science: from the theory of accretion and physical cosmology to X-ray satellites") and the son of Rashid Alievich - a professor at Harvard University Shamilya Sunyaeva(topic - "Human genome and genomes of other organisms").

The jubilee meeting was opened by the President of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan Akhmet Mazgarov. He awarded Sunyaev - "an outstanding astrophysicist of our time, a glorious son of the Tatar people" - the Gold Medal of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan "For achievements in science."

The most famous scientists of the republic congratulated academician Sunyaev, each of whom spoke many warm words. From Kazan Federal University (Sunyaev is his honorary professor) - rector Ilshat Gafurov. From astrophysicists of Kazan - Head of the Department of Astronomy and Space Geodesy, Academician Nail Sakhibullin(verses!). From Kazan Physics and Technology, KIPT - its director, academician Kev Salikhov…

Congratulations from the first President of the Republic of Tatarstan Mintimer Shaimiev and Speaker of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan Farida Mukhametshina(he is in Strasbourg, he could not come), the Vice-Speaker of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan told Rimma Ratnikova.

Academician Rashid Sunyaev and President of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan Akhmet Mazgarov

I whispered to Sagdeev: "CAN I TELL ME A FEW WORDS TO PAPE IN TATAR?"

Starting the report, Sunyaev delighted the journalists present in the hall, noting that at least once twice a week he certainly visits the websites of Tatarstan newspapers to keep abreast of the news of the republic.

Talking about his biography, he showed a photo where he and his boss at that time - the director of the Institute of Space Research Roald Sagdeev- at the reception of the Pope. And I remembered this episode: “We were told that the Pope speaks any language, and everyone can speak to him in his own language. I whispered to Sagdeev: "Maybe I should say a few words to the Pope in Tatar?" He: "Not worth it." And there Dad and I spoke German, English, French, Ukrainian ... "

Academician Sunyaev also told that two people played a special role in his life - his father and the academician Yakov Zeldovich.

IN THE UNIVERSE 3 MILLION SUPER MASSIVE BLACK HOLES

PUTIN AND THE DARK ENERGY OF THE UNIVERSE

The academician said: “In a cluster of galaxies, you can also find the properties of dark energy. Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin came, watched our satellite project and became terribly interested, asked, what is it - dark energy? This dark energy, I think, people will never be able to observe in the laboratory. " The only way to find out about it (and this, according to Sunyaev, "the force that moves the world today") is through observations in a cluster of galaxies ...

WE ARE NOT READY TO PROTECT OUR LAND YET, EVERYONE UNDERSTANDS THIS

Academician Sunyaev answered questions from the audience, and then from journalists. Business Online newspaper in detail told about the impact from space in February this year, when a meteorite exploded over the Chelyabinsk region, the mass of which is estimated at about 50 tons, and the diameter - 3 meters. Is there a chance that our Earth will meet another space visitor within the next 100-200 years?

Of course there is! .. A lot of people are thinking about this now. The terrible thing is that none of the military - neither here, nor in America, nor in China - simply noticed this asteroid ...

The academician emphasized how important it is to know in advance about such an "attack" on the Earth:

If the asteroid is small and could destroy an area 50 by 50 kilometers in a rural area, the area should be evacuated if you can warn people in a day. Astronomers will be able to do this ... But if it threatens a millionth city - here you need to think about what can be done, how ... There are different projects. But all this requires gigantic funding. We are not yet ready to defend our Earth, everyone understands this.

On the question of whether it is possible to blow up a meteorite flying to Earth, the academician answered as follows:

In passing, the academician remarked that "astrophysics suddenly became an applied science."

IN VERY MANY RANGE OUR EARTH IS MUCH BRighter than THE SUN

The absolutely fantastic "stories" the academician was talking about prompted the correspondent of "BUSINESS Online" to ask him almost fantastic questions.

- Rashid Alievich, in You said in your interview that in astrophysics every year brings new knowledge, that maybe we will look far into the past, we will be able to talk about the time when the age of the Universe was insignificant fractions of a second. Wouldn't it be possible to observe through a telescope the past life on planets, and from other planets - the past on Earth? Such a virtual time machine?

I think it's impossible. Many years ago, people did not know a single planet, except for the planets of the solar system. Today, I don’t remember the exact number, but there are more than 800 known planets in other stars ... Now the task is to find planets the same as the Earth, which have approximately the same temperature, approximately the same gravity, which have oxygen and water. That is, in principle, life must be ... And so many people are thrown into this. When we have several hundred planets that are almost the same as our Earth, I think we will learn a lot about the origin of life. If you look at our Earth from afar, it turns out that in very many frequency ranges - where we have mobile phones, television stations - our Earth is much brighter than the Sun ... I think if we could find something like this near any of these planets , it would be a man-made era. Will we see it, no? .. We are now observing the planets, they are all very close to us, the distance to these stars is very small - only a few parsecs ... These are the closest stars to us, and we are talking about distances of millions, billions of times more. And even in this insignificant piece of the Galaxy, next to us, we already see 800 planets. Can you imagine how many planets there are in this Galaxy ?! That is, completely unusual opportunities are opening up, we will learn a lot in the next few decades.

What is all this - our Universe: is it possible that it is just in some spring leaf of another Universe? Does the whole Universe also live in some leaf on our tree?

THE SYUNYAYEV FAMILY

Shamil Sunyaev(answered the question of the newspaper "BUSINESS Online" about his father):

Usman Sunyaev:

I am the only one of my sons who did not get into science, I head the IT department in a Moscow bank. Dad instilled in me a love of work, that you need to work 24 hours a day. Mom and Dad will confirm that if I come on vacation, I work at the computer on vacation ... Wherever I am, the phone always breaks off. Let's hope that someday, when I am 70 - 80 years old, someone will say good things about me. And I am the only one who remained from a family in Russia, I live in Moscow ... I have two daughters: the eldest Aliya, the youngest Alsou.

Ali Sunyaev (the name was given in honor of his grandfather):

Dad is like the main boss for me. A good boss, I can tell you right away, is not the one to whom you go with good news, but you try not to be seen, but go with any news ... I myself am engaged in IT at the university in Cologne.

Zulfiya Sunyaeva:

I am studying to be a doctor (in Germany) Last year… (a reply from Rashid Alievich: "I am very glad, mother is a doctor and daughter is a doctor - very good!")

reference

Rashid Sunyaev- an outstanding Soviet and Russian astrophysicist, full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Born on March 1, 1943 in Tashkent, in a Tatar family from Mordovia. Studied at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and graduated from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1973), professor. He headed the Department of High Energy Astrophysics at the Institute of Space Research (IKI) RAS, since 1992 - Chief Researcher at IKI RAS. Director of the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Garching (Germany).

In collaboration with Zeldovich, he created a theory known as the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, according to which the relic radiation in space is gradually scattered by the action of electrons.

Sunyaev participated in important studies of the early Universe, including research on the recombination of hydrogen in the Universe and the occurrence of angular fluctuations of the relict radiation. He headed the team that carried out instrument observations on the Kvant module, which was part of the Mir orbital station. With the help of this module, in 1987, for the first time, hard X-rays from a supernova were recorded, associated with the decay of radioactive nickel synthesized during the death of a star, turning into radioactive cobalt and then into iron. Sunyaev's group at IKI was responsible for astrophysical observations from the Granat and INTEGRAL satellites, and is currently preparing the Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma international astrophysical project. At the Institute of Astrophysics Society. Maxa Planck Sunyaev works in the field of theoretical high energy astrophysics and physical cosmology, and also participates in the interpretation of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) Planck spacecraft.

Academician Sunyaev has numerous awards, including: Bruno Rossi Prize of the American Astronomical Society (1988), Prize in Basic Sciences of the International Academy of Astronautics (1990), Memorial Scientific Prize. John Lindsay Space Center. Goddard, NASA, USA (1991), Robinson Prize in Cosmology, University of Newcastle, UK (1995), Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1995), Sir Messi Gold Medal of the Royal Society and COSPAR (English) (1998), Catherine Bruce Gold Medal Pacific Astronomical Society (2000), State Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology in 2000 for the study of black holes and neutron stars using the X-ray and gamma-ray astrophysical observatory GRANAT in 1990 - 1998, the international scientific prize (physics) named after V.I. King Faisal (2009), Kyoto Prize (2011), Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics for “fundamental contributions to understanding the early universe and the properties of black holes” (2012), etc.

Sunyaev is a member of more than 20 academies in different countries, including an honorary academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan (1995).

(From Wikipedia)

Rashid Alievich Sunyaev(Tat. Rit ali ul Snyev, Rshit Gali uly Snev; born March 1, 1943, Tashkent) - Soviet and Russian astrophysicist, full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1992).

Biography

Born in Tashkent into a Tatar family from Mordovia. Graduated from the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Moscow State University. At the same time, he studied at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and graduate school at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1973), professor. He headed the Department of High Energy Astrophysics of the IKI RAS, since 1992 - Chief Researcher at the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He is also the director of the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Garching (Germany).

RA Sunyaev took part in important studies of the early Universe, including research on the recombination of hydrogen in the Universe and the appearance of angular fluctuations of the relic radiation. He headed the team that carried out instrument observations on the Kvant module, which was part of the Mir orbital station. With the help of this module, in 1987, for the first time, hard X-rays from a supernova were recorded, associated with the decay of radioactive nickel synthesized during the death of a star, turning into radioactive cobalt and then into iron. His group at IKI was responsible for astrophysical observations from the Granat and INTEGRAL satellites, and is currently preparing the international astrophysical project Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma. At the Institute of Astrophysics of the Society. Max Planck, he works in the fields of theoretical high energy astrophysics and physical cosmology, and is also involved in the interpretation of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) Planck spacecraft.

A family

The son of Rashid Alievich is Shamil, a professor at Harvard Medical School.

Awards

Bruno Rossi Prize of the American Astronomical Society (1988)
International Academy of Astronautics Foundation Science Prize (1990)
Memorial Scientific Prize. John Lindsay Space Center. Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, USA (1991)
Robinson Prize in Cosmology, University of Newcastle, UK (1995)
Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1995)
Sir Messi Gold Medal of the Royal Society and COSPAR (1998)
Katherine Bruce Gold Medal of the Pacific Astronomical Society (2000)
State Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology in 2000 for the study of black holes and neutron stars using the X-ray and gamma-ray astrophysical observatory "GRANAT" in 1990-1998.
The A. A. Fridman Prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences 2002 for the series of works "The effect of decreasing the brightness of the relict radiation in the direction of the galaxy clusters"
Danny Heineman Prize in Astrophysics from the American Institute of Physics and the American Astronomical Society (2003)
Gruber Prize in Cosmology and Gold Medal of the P. Gruber Foundation and the International Astronomical Union (2003)
Lecture by Karl Jansky (2005)
Main Prize of MAIK-Nauka Publishing House for publications in the field of physics and mathematics (2007)
Craford Prize in Astronomy, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (2008)
Karl Schwarzschild Medal (highest award of the German Astronomical Society) (2008)
Henry Norris Russell Award (American Astronomical Society Highest Honors) (2008)
King Faisal International Prize (2009)
Kyoto Prize (2011)
Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics for "Fundamental Contribution to Understanding the Early Universe and the Properties of Black Holes" (2012)
Eddington Medal (2015)
Gold Medal named after Ya.B. Zeldovich RAS (2015)
Oscar Klein Medal (2015)

Membership in academies

Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1984)
Member of RAS (1992)
Foreign Member of the US National Academy of Sciences (1991)
Member of the International Academy of Astronautics (1986)
Member of the European Academy of Sciences (1990)
Honorary Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston (1992)
Honorary Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan (1995)
Member of the Max Planck Society (1995)
Member of the German Academy of Natural Sciences "Leopoldina" (2003)
Foreign Member of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences of the Netherlands (2004)
Foreign Fellow of the Royal Society, UK (2009)

Membership in scientific societies

Member of the International Astronomical Union (1986).
Vice President of COSPAR (Space Research Commission of the International Union of Scientific Unions) (1988-1994).
Honorary Member of the American Astronomical Society (1990).
Member of the European Astronomical Society (1991)
Vice President of the European Astronomical Society (1991-1993)
Fellow of the American Physical Society (1993)
Foreign Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society of Great Britain (1994)
Foreign Fellow of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia (2007)