Each substance has a set of individual physical and chemical properties. The most common quantities characterizing them are melting point, boiling point, hardness, electrical and thermal conductivity, solubility, thermodynamic characteristics, crystal lattice parameters, etc.

Classification of substances

It is important to distinguish between individual substances and mixtures. A pure (individual) substance consists of particles of one type and has a constant composition, which can be expressed by a single chemical formula. A mixture always consists of two or more individual compounds. For example, milk is a solution containing several substances, and water is an individual substance. If the mixture consists of liquid substances, it is called a solution, if it is solid, it is called an alloy.

A typical example of an alloy is the material from which gold jewelry is made. In this case, the sample of a gold product means the mass of pure gold contained in 1 kg of such a product. For example, 1 kg of gold jewelry with a fineness of 750 contains 750 g of pure gold, the remaining 250 g are impurities, such as copper, iron, palladium, etc.

An example of a mechanical mixture is easy to prepare at home: you need to take salt and sugar, grind them finely and mix. You will get (if mixed well) a homogeneous mixture of two white substances.

SIMPLE AND COMPLEX CONNECTIONS

Individual atoms, as a rule, are unstable, they combine with each other, forming molecules, which are the smallest particles of a substance that have its properties. Thus, chemical elements are part of simple and complex substances.

Definition

Simple substances consist of atoms of only one chemical element, and the composition complex substances include atoms of different elements.

Simple substances can be monoatomic, for example iron Fe, copper Cu, aluminum Al, and can be polyatomic - ozone $ O_3 $ (a molecule consists of three oxygen atoms), nitrogen $ N_2 $ (a molecule consists of two nitrogen atoms), white phosphorus $ P_4 $ (the molecule consists of four phosphorus atoms).

The Russian names of elements and simple substances often coincide, which can cause confusion. So, in the phrase "oxygen is a part of water" we are talking about oxygen atoms, that is, about a chemical element, and in the phrase "plants in the light emit oxygen" - about a simple substance oxygen, consisting of molecules $ \ mathrm (O_2) $ ... Chemical elements, that is, certain types of atoms, are capable of entering into chemical reactions. So, free oxygen atoms combine into molecules. But the most common chemical reactions are between more complex particles - molecules or ions.

Simple substances, in turn, are divided into metals and non-metals. It is very easy to determine which element belongs to metals and which to non-metals: you need to remember the diagonal in the periodic system boron (B) - astatine (At).

In the lower left corner are metals, in the upper right are non-metals.

Complex substances are divided into inorganic and organic. Organic substances mainly include compounds of carbon with hydrogen, as well as with oxygen, nitrogen and other heteroatoms. More details - in the section "The concept of organic matter".

A more detailed classification of complex substances is quite extensive and is divided into separate topics: "Classification and nomenclature of inorganic substances" and "Classification of organic substances".

Thanks to which molecules of inorganic and organic substances are formed. The chemical bond appears in the interaction of electric fields that are created by the nuclei and electrons of atoms. Consequently, the formation of a covalent chemical bond associated with electrical nature.

What is bond

This term means the result of the action of two or more atoms, which lead to the formation of a strong polyatomic system. The main types of chemical bonds are formed when the energy of the reacting atoms decreases. In the process of forming a bond, atoms try to complete their electron shell.

Communication types

In chemistry, several types of bonds are distinguished: ionic, covalent, metallic. The covalent chemical bond has two types: polar, non-polar.

What is the mechanism of its creation? A covalent non-polar chemical bond is formed between atoms of the same non-metals that have the same electronegativity. In this case, common electron pairs are formed.

Non-polar communication

Examples of molecules that have a non-polar covalent chemical bond include halogens, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen.

This connection was first discovered in 1916 by the American chemist Lewis. At first, he put forward a hypothesis, and it was confirmed only after experimental confirmation.

The covalent chemical bond is associated with electronegativity. For non-metals, it has a high value. In the course of the chemical interaction of atoms, the transfer of electrons from one atom to another is not always possible; as a result, they are combined. A genuine covalent chemical bond appears between the atoms. Grade 8 of the regular school curriculum involves a detailed examination of several types of communication.

Substances having this type of connection, when normal conditions- liquids, gases, as well as solids with a low melting point.

Types of covalent bonds

Let's dwell on this issue in more detail. What are the types of chemical bonds? A covalent bond exists in exchange, donor-acceptor variants.

The first type is characterized by the return of one unpaired electron by each atom to the formation of a common electronic bond.

Electrons combined into a common bond must have opposite spins. Hydrogen can be considered as an example of this type of covalent bond. With the approach of its atoms, the penetration of their electron clouds into each other is observed, which in science is called overlapping of electron clouds. As a result, the electron density between the nuclei increases, and the energy of the system decreases.

At the minimum distance, the hydrogen nuclei are repelled, as a result, a certain optimal distance is formed.

In the case of a donor-acceptor type of covalent bond, one particle has electrons, it is called a donor. The second particle has a free cell, which will house a pair of electrons.

Polar molecules

How are covalent polar chemical bonds formed? They arise in situations where the bonded atoms of non-metals have different electronegativity. In such cases, the shared electrons are located closer to the atom with the higher electronegativity. As an example of a covalent polar bond, one can consider the bonds that arise in the hydrogen bromide molecule. Here, the public electrons, which are responsible for forming a covalent bond, are closer to bromine than to hydrogen. The reason for this is that bromine has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen.

Methods for determining the covalent bond

How to identify covalent polar chemical bonds? To do this, you need to know the composition of the molecules. If atoms of different elements are present in it, a covalent polar bond exists in the molecule. Non-polar molecules contain atoms of one chemical element. Among the tasks that are offered as part of the school chemistry course, there are those that involve identifying the type of connection. Tasks of this type are included in the tasks of the final certification in chemistry in the 9th grade, as well as in the tests of the unified state examination in chemistry in the 11th grade.

Ionic bond

What is the difference between covalent and ionic chemical bonds? If a covalent bond is characteristic of non-metals, then an ionic bond is formed between atoms that have significant differences in electronegativity. For example, this is typical for compounds of elements of the first and second groups of the main subgroups of PS (alkali and alkaline earth metals) and elements of 6 and 7 groups of the main subgroups of the periodic table (chalcogenes and halogens).

It is formed as a result of the electrostatic attraction of ions with opposite charges.

Features of ionic bond

Since the force fields of oppositely charged ions are distributed evenly in all directions, each of them is able to attract particles of opposite sign to itself. This is what characterizes the non-directionality of the ionic bond.

The interaction of two ions with opposite signs does not imply a complete mutual compensation of individual force fields. This contributes to the preservation of the ability to attract ions in other directions, therefore, an unsaturation of the ionic bond is observed.

In an ionic compound, each ion has the ability to attract a certain number of others with opposite signs to itself in order to form a crystal lattice of an ionic nature. There are no molecules in such a crystal. Each ion is surrounded in a substance by a certain specific number of ions of a different sign.

Metal bond

This type of chemical bond has certain individual characteristics. Metals have an excessive number of valence orbitals with a lack of electrons.

When individual atoms approach each other, their valence orbitals overlap, which contributes to the free movement of electrons from one orbital to another, making a bond between all metal atoms. These free electrons are the main feature of the metal bond. It does not possess saturation and directionality, since the valence electrons are evenly distributed throughout the crystal. The presence of free electrons in metals explains some of them. physical properties: metallic luster, ductility, malleability, thermal conductivity, opacity.

A kind of covalent bond

It is formed between a hydrogen atom and an element that has high electronegativity. There are intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds. This type of covalent bond is the most fragile, it appears due to the action of electrostatic forces. The hydrogen atom has a small radius, and when this one electron is displaced or given up, hydrogen becomes a positive ion, acting on the atom with high electronegativity.

Among the characteristic properties of a covalent bond are: saturation, directionality, polarizability, polarity. Each of these indicators has a certain value for the formed connection. For example, directionality is determined by the geometric shape of the molecule.

It is not difficult to decide on a perm, but after the decision comes the moment of choosing the type of hairstyle, as well as the type of means for carrying out manipulations. A detailed description will help to understand what kind of chemistry for hair happens, to learn about its classification and characteristics.

Women's hair histories vary. Some cherish naturalness, do not dye their hair, do not manipulate, while others gladly succumb to the provocations of hairdressers and sign up for appearance improvement sessions. Manufacturers, taking care of each listed category, have created different types of hair chemistry to meet the needs.

The type of curls is selected upon request based on the structure of the face, lifestyle, as well as the length and density of curls. Hairdressers suggest using a variety of bobbins, curlers, rollers or boomerangs. To create a unique image, the simultaneous use of 2-3 types of winding devices is allowed. This guarantees a non-trivial hairstyle.

The choice of the composition is a complex process that requires the knowledge and experience of the master. Therefore, it is recommended that you contact only a professional hairdresser who will help you decide.

It is advisable to have an understanding of curling products, this will help to remain a participant in the procedure, and not a dumb observer.

Acid chemistry

Perm, performed with acid-based products, has gained recognition and popularity due to the persistence of the result, it keeps curls tight for up to six months. Acid chemistry cannot be called 100% safe; during manipulations, the hair undergoes stress, and the strength characteristics decrease. However, it is worth noting that the composition, penetrating into the hair shaft, does not deform the cuticles, which helps to maintain the shine and softness of the strands.

Curls are formed under the influence of glyceryl monothioglycolate, its pH fluctuates between 7 and 7.2. The active component is "included" in the work using heat treatment twisted strands. The increased temperature enhances the penetrating properties of glyceryl, ensuring the creation of strong, tight curls.

Manufacturers note that acidic solutions do not cause swelling of the hair cuticles, but their use is limited. It is forbidden to use this type, dry or brittle curls. The components of the composition negatively affect the hair of this type, stretching it along the length, which enhances the negative characteristics of the curls.

Alkaline hair curling

For alkaline chemistry, products with a pH between 8 and 9.5 are used. This type of perm is considered in an efficient way tame unruly hair, guaranteeing neat, bouncy curls for 3 months.

During curling, after applying the solution to the curls, ammonium thioglycolate penetrates into the hair, opening the cuticles. This allows you to model curls quickly as well as efficiently. In this case, the impact high temperatures not required, the components independently act on the hair. However, it is worth remembering that when using alkaline chemistry, you must adhere to the time frame specified by the manufacturer in the instructions for use. Violation of the specified exposure time leads to a deterioration in the condition of the hair, as well as burns to the scalp.

Alkaline perm belongs to the category of gentle, but this is a minus. She is not able to provide a lasting result on excessively straight or hard strands. On such hair, curls are soft and unwound in 1-2 months.

Like other types of perm, alkaline requires strict adherence to instructions, as well as technology. An inexperienced master is unable to control the level of tension on the curl, which plays a major role during the procedure. Lye promotes the swelling of each hair, which leads to an increase in the volume of the strand on the bobbin or curler. If the curl is wound too tightly, this leads to the destruction of the distribution of the solution, which entails uneven winding, as well as the destruction of the structure, fragility.

With the correct fulfillment of the conditions set, the procedure using alkaline solutions gives the effect of naturalness and naturalness of curls.

Beautiful curls of any shape and size that last for several months are the result of a procedure known as perm. She has been in fashion for several decades in a row. During this time, the quality of the compositions has changed, new varieties of curlers and methods of winding strands have been added. And yet, despite major innovations, chemistry is still considered harmful to hair. We will not convince you otherwise, but instead will tell you how to protect curls from damage and restore their structure after curling. Find out how to safely carry out the procedure at home and whether it is possible to get rid of curls without dire consequences if the experiment with hair was unsuccessful.

Description of the procedure

The main feature of a perm is to change the structure of the hair with the help of special solutions. The strands need to be wound on curlers of the selected shape and diameter, treated with their composition, and after a while wash it off. In 10-30 minutes, the active ingredients penetrate into the curls, providing a long-lasting curling result.

Chemistry solutions are available from many cosmetic companies. You need to choose the right product taking into account the type and condition of the hair. The corresponding notes are always on the packaging or bottles.

By the way. The first experiments with chemical hair styling date back to the beginning of the 20th century. These were tedious procedures that lasted 5-10 hours. Cold way, without the use of electrical devices, appeared a little later. It was he who became the basis of modern chemistry.

Views

There are several classifications of perm, in which the main criterion is:

type of curlers - boomerangs, bobbins or others;
way of wrapping strands - vertical, horizontal, circular, combined;
sequence of actions (you can first treat the hair with a solution, and then curl them on papillotes);
a type of chemical drug. Compositions are acidic, alkaline, neutral and others. They all have clear indications for use.

An alkaline product may not form curls on thick, hard hair, and an acidic one can greatly ruin soft, pliable strands. In order not to become the main character of the story about poorly performed chemistry, before the procedure, you should consult with an experienced hairdresser.

We also organized a kind of educational program and described in detail the features different types solutions, including examples of products of popular brands. Using these guidelines, you can easily find a safe formula for your hair.

Price

The price of a classic perm in the salon is from 2 thousand rubles. In a small town you can find it cheaper, but in a metropolis you will have to pay even more. The selected composition and hair length also affect the cost. If you buy chemical. preparations for independent experiments, you can keep within 1 thousand rubles.

For some solutions from well-known cosmetic companies, you will have to pay a little more, up to 2 thousand rubles. There is ready-made sets with everything you need at a price of 300 to 1200 rubles or separate bottles with activators and fixatives, each of which costs about 200-900 rubles.

Advantages and disadvantages

The main advantages of a perm:

changes the hairstyle, and with it the whole image;
lasts for a long time;
suitable for hair of any length;
has many variations;
Reduces the time of daily styling - with minimal effort, the hairstyle looks great.

Disadvantages of the procedure:

has a damaging effect on the hair. Depending on the composition, it can be more or less obvious, but the structure of the curls still suffers;
can dry out strands and slightly change their color;
has contraindications and limitations;
requires special care aimed at hair restoration;
not recommended for frequent repetition. It is necessary to give the curls the opportunity to rest.

Contraindications

The main list of prohibitions and restrictions applies to such situations:

Modified hormonal background... Do not perm during pregnancy, lactation, during menstruation or during menopause. Disputes about whether active reagents harm an expectant or nursing mother and her baby are still ongoing. If that doesn't stop you, here's another good reason: hormonal changes may prevent your curls from forming properly.
Taking antibiotics or other powerful drugs (including hormones).
Allergy to the components of the solution. This factor must be eliminated prior to the procedure.
Abrasions, wounds, cracks on the scalp, as well as itching, flaking, dandruff.
Severe hair loss, fragility. It doesn't matter what it is connected with: vitamin deficiency, depression or the course of procedures for oncology. With chemistry, you will weaken the strands even more.
Stressful states.
Exacerbation of chronic ailments.
Acute infectious diseases complicated by fever.
Hair coloring, after which less than 2–3 weeks have passed.
Some external factors: a visit to the hairdresser on an empty stomach, the cold in the room also negatively affects the quality of curls.

Types of curlers and methods of winding

If the composition for a perm affects how well the curls come out, then curlers determine the look of the hairstyle in general.

Much depends on the thickness of the strands and the method of wrapping. Lush curls that look very natural are the result of a circular winding of hair on papillotes. If you need to get voluminous curls, a horizontal version of the location of the rollers on the head is suitable. It is often used at home - for beginners, it is simpler and more understandable than other methods.

To create beautiful flowing curls, you will have to master the vertical method. Often it is combined with horizontal, but such styling should be entrusted only to an experienced professional. This option is one of the most suitable for long hair.

If you want to become the owner of a fluffy hairstyle, buy large diameter papillotes for perm. Opt for boomerangs or tapered pieces. Olivia Garden curlers will be able to provide beautiful, almost natural waves. The chemistry using these rollers is called American. Large curls will adorn hair of almost any length, so we have collected tips and tricks for you on how to create such curls at home.

Plastic papillots are considered the most suitable for any perm. They are convenient to use and easy to clean from traces of the drug. With the help of plastic bobbins (sticks) of different diameters, it will be possible to model beautiful vertical curls from the roots. The styling may take a long time, but the result will be worth it.

When deciding on the size of the products, consider the condition of your hair. Find out what else should determine the choice of bobbins for vertical perm.

Curlers-sticks are smooth or with special grooves-recesses. The second variety is for spiral chemistry. The process of wrapping such bobbins requires a lot of patience and attention. It is quite difficult to do it on your own. It is worth doing such a perm only if you enlisted the help of your mother, sister or friend, and also watched the training video in advance.

For the most daring girls, we have prepared a complete set of information on performing spiral chemistry at home.

The same bobbins are useful for women who want to make a perm with the effect of wet hair. In addition to them, you can use hair curlers, American or Japanese sticks. Any of these papillotes will help to achieve the effect of always wet hair.

Correctly selected bobbins, the optimal composition for your hair type and step-by-step instructions for the procedure - all this will guarantee a good result. We will explain in detail how to perform wet chemistry on your own hair without compromising the health of the strands and the quality of the curls.

By the way. Pay attention to the original curlers for perming hair: hairpins, wavelike plates, bobbins with clamps and others.

Is it possible to do on thin, dyed strands

Dyeing, supplemented by a perm, is a serious test for hair. However, many girls successfully combine new color strands and long-term styling of curls. The main recommendation in this case is to observe the interval between procedures: it is desirable that at least 2-3 weeks have passed. If the hair was discolored several times in a row, it is better to refuse chemistry.

As a result of constant dyeing, the hair partially loses its elasticity, becomes more vulnerable, so additional exposure to aggressive drugs can further undermine their health. We will reveal the main secrets of the successful perm of colored strands and explain what formulations can be used in this case.

If the hair is naturally strong, strong and has not undergone frequent dyeing, this is a significant bonus when carrying out chemistry. But not every woman who dreams of curls and extra volume has such a head of hair. Of course, this does not mean that the owners of thin, weakened curls should not even think about a perm. Now, with the help of gentle preparations, almost any experiments with a hairstyle are possible. Find out what recommendations hairdressers give for performing chemistry on thin strands, and what you need to do for healthy hair after the procedure.

Quite often, girls choose a perm to add extra volume to their hair. In this case, you can not use aggressive drugs along the entire length of the curls. An alternative to full-fledged chemistry is root. It makes thin, sparse hair more lush, corrects overgrown strands that have been artificially curled, and also creates volume on naturally curly hair. Like any other type of perm, root styling has its own nuances, which we will describe in detail in a review material with photos, videos and step-by-step instructions for the procedure.

Features related to the length of curls

Curls will become a worthy decoration of appearance, if you choose the right size and shape. Large curls are undesirable on thin, sparse hair - it is better to choose small ones. Round face it is worth framing with curls, the diameter of which gradually decreases from roots to ends, and square or rectangular - with voluminous horizontal curls. The length of the strands is important when choosing the size and type of curlers.

Advice. A perm made on graduated hair, a cascade haircut looks good.

Long

On the hair, which goes down below the middle of the back, curls of any shape and size are appropriate. Long hair will show all the beauty of a skillfully executed curling. Indeed, in this case, it will be especially laborious. For the first time, you can perform chemistry only on the tips or from the middle of the curls. If you don't like the result, you can simply cut the curls. We will tell you in detail about other nuances of performing the procedure on long hair and help you decide if it's worth experimenting at home.

Average

These strands are also good for various types of curlers and winding methods. Perm only in the root zone or at the ends, on boomerangs or bobbins, horizontal, vertical, combined and other methods - hair middle length do not limit your imagination and possibilities. At the same time, remember that some types of chemistry can visually shorten the hair: the curls twist strongly and become elastic, like a spring. Our tips will help you to avoid all sorts of surprises when carrying out a perm.

Short

Despite the small length, curling such hair with your own hands is quite difficult. Depending on the haircut, the density of the strands, the method of winding the curlers can be checkerboard, rectangular, vertical. The shape, diameter of the curlers, as well as the quality of the solution are also important. We will tell you about all the nuances of the procedure for short hair, as well as explain how to take care of your hair after chemistry performed in the salon or at home.

Home procedure

Preparation of strands for perm begins a few weeks before the procedure. Take away Special attention curl care: pamper your hair nourishing masks, give her a break from curling iron, hair dryer, iron. Update your haircut, if necessary - dye your hair in advance. Read reviews on conducting chemistry at home, pick up the composition, curlers, as well as all other related tools and materials.

So that you don’t forget anything, we have prepared a detailed list of what you need for a perm, and meticulously set out all the stages of the procedure. Step-by-step instruction with tips and life hacks will be a good help on the way to transformation.

Effect duration and correction

Perm will not make your hair permanently curly. Despite the rapid development of modern technologies, this method has not yet been invented. On average, the effect of chemistry lasts from 2 to 6 months, sometimes up to 9. The duration of the result is influenced by the selected composition (acidic or alkaline), the type and structure of the strands (thin, thick, sparse, hard), their length (the shorter the curls, the better the curls hold), the size of the curl (voluminous ones unwind faster), the individual characteristics of each hair.

With chemical styling, in contrast to biowaving, the border between regrown and curled hair is more noticeable. That's why after a few weeks, the hairstyle may need correction. In this case, it is better to do a radical perm. It is recommended to carry out repeated chemistry along the entire length of the curls no more than 1-2 times a year.

Styling and further care

The first few days, curled hair needs rest. Do not wash or style her, or comb her hair or braid if possible. During this time, the curls will finally take shape. Buy special styling products to help keep your hair tidy.

Gels, foams, sprays and other products will give your curls a beautiful, decorated look. We have collected in one review a description of popular drugs and recommendations on how to use them to make a voluminous, classic or wet styling.

Caring for attractive appearance hair must be accompanied at the same time proper care after them. Restoration, nutrition of the structure of curls is the main thing that needs to be paid attention to. If the solution has dried the strands, add moisturizers to the main cosmetics.

Preparations designed for damaged, weakened hair are very useful. We'll show you how to care for your hair after chemical styling and explain why you will most likely need to change your comb.

Not every chemistry is exciting about a new hairstyle. There are times when, for some reason, the curls did not twist the way you expected. Sometimes the procedure provokes increased hair loss, fragility of the strands or causes an allergic reaction on the skin, tightens and dries it. A less dramatic version of events is also possible - you did not like the styling at all or was tired of it. In all these situations, advice will come to the rescue on how to get rid of chemistry by professional and folk ways set out in our article.

No matter how much they talk about the dangers of perm for hair, girls who dream of curls, it does not stop. If you choose a high-quality composition, follow the procedure according to all the rules, and then provide the curls with decent care - there is every chance to preserve the health of the hair. Just don't forget about contraindications. The desire to change the image must always be balanced common sense and hair care.

Details

Modern types of perm

Women strive all their lives to create, change and improve their style. Perming is one way to try yourself in a new role. Playful curls are a dream for those with straight hair.

Curling is designed to transform straight hair into bouncy and curly curls... She was very popular in the 70s of the last century, in particular, due to fashion trends... Then women from all over the USSR tried to turn their hair into a shock of springs, without hesitation whether it would suit them or not.

Today, this procedure has become not only more gentle, but also more deliberate. Women don't queue up at beauty salons to ruin their hair with acid and look like poodles. Modern curling became more aesthetic, and the materials for its implementation - better.

Who is contraindicated

Reagents acting on the hair and scalp can affect well-being and general condition. To avoid unpleasant consequences, chemistry should not be done:

pregnant women and nursing mothers;
taking hormonal drugs;
allergy sufferers;
who dyed their hair less than two weeks ago.

From myself, I can add that ladies with thin and brittle hair should in every possible way avoid any chemical attack on precious hair. Curling, straightening and even coloring can completely ruin the already damaged curls.

Perm types

Can be carried out different ways depending on the reagents in the composition of the product.

Acidic

(Cost: 3000-4000 rubles.)

This is the oldest method of curling, which came from the distant 60s and 70s, but improved for greater safety. Today, formulations contain much less thioglycolic acid, which allows it to do less damage to hair.

Advantage acid chemistry in that the reagent does not damage the hair cortex, affecting only the internal structure. It stays on your hair for up to 6 months and allows you to choose any type and size of curls.

Minus in the fact that it will not be possible to get rid of such a perm ahead of time, since the action of the acid passes exclusively on its own.

This kind not suitable for owners of thin and brittle hair, as well as dry scalp... The chemical can be harmful to the skin. But for dense and hard strands, it is preferable.

Compositions for it are produced by many well-known companies. For example, Joico offers the K-Pak Waves line with remodeling base, care and permanent in one package.

Alkaline

(Price: 1500-2000 rub.)

Alkaline perm lasts for three months, sometimes less. Its advantage is that the curls are as natural as possible. The action of alkali is reduced to damage to the cortex and the destruction of gray hair bridges, which leads to the formation of elastic curls.

This type of chemistry is more gentle than the previous one, but not recommended for owners of coarse and heavy hair... This chemistry will not last long on them. Another advantage of this method is its low cost.

For the procedure, it is better to use formulations from Eugene Perma. This is a French company that offers four types of products with different strength effects on hair. One of them, Attentive, is the standard lineup. Creates elastic, flexible curls. Bio-extender Marin is a product for creating feminine well-groomed curls with algae extract. Toniform is a slightly alkaline formulation for creating soft curls.

Amino acid

(Cost: 2000-5000 rubles.)

Amino acid curling products are formulated with proteins and amino acids that nourish the hair while simultaneously transforming it into a natural curl. It can be used on damaged strands.

Advantage this method in its positive effect on the hair. After two to three sessions of the procedure, you get soft and restored hair.

Minus amino acid chemistry in its fragility. Curls last for a maximum of two months. On long hair, it will not work, their weight will straighten the curls. There are no drawbacks to this method, but only ladies with thin or short hair can use it.

One of the varieties of amino acid chemistry is Japanese, codenamed "silk wave". With its help you can calm down fluffy strongly damaged hair and restore their structure.

The Italian company SHOT produces products that are successfully used in beauty salons by professional stylists.

Neutral

(Price: 4000-7000 rubles.)

Neutral chemistry is an alternative to the previous one. Suitable for any type of hair, in rare cases lasts up to six months. The standard term is 3 months. The composition of the funds does not include aggressive substances, so every young lady can do such chemistry.

Minus this method is that for hair care you will need to apply special means with zero ph. Otherwise, the curls may lose their appearance before you have time to enjoy them enough.

The French company Eugene Perma offers a pH neutral permanent Volubilis. Also funds for neutral curling Evolution is offered by Goldwell.

Bubble

It is rather a way of applying the composition. The mixture is placed in a mixer and whipped until a foam is formed, after which it is applied to the hair wrapped in curlers. The head is covered with plastic wrap or a cap. This method is suitable for owners oily hair... The French discovered twenty years ago that bubble chemistry shrinks the pores on the scalp and inhibits sebum production. The price for such chemistry depends on the selected composition: acidic, alkaline, bio.

Biological

(Price: 2000-6000 rubles.)

It is accepted to consider it the most sparing. The mixture contains natural ingredients, so the hair remains as healthy as it was originally.

For the first time, the technology was applied by Italian stylists. Today, biofilms are made up of more than two-thirds of the hair-related protein, cysteine. This is how a reliable fixation of natural curls, shine and a regenerating effect is achieved.

Validity period - up to six months. This gives you long-lasting bouncy curls.

Kemon offers a series of biowaving products that contain hair nourishing ingredients. The series features Figure, Multiform, Ond "Erbe and Unamy Texture. Paul Mitchell offers a range of biowaving products. Each product creates a specific type of curl.

Chemistry can also differ in the methods of applying the composition and the type of hair curling on curlers. The cost of the work also changes from her method.

Perm price

Today, all types of curling are combined with biological. You can find a biological alkaline perm or biological acid, but in pure form no method is used anymore. The price of a perm depends mostly on the length of the hair.

Minimum cost per short hair- 2,000 rubles, the maximum price can reach five-digit values, up to 14,000 rubles for long curls using corrugation or to create African curls.

Curling products

The German giant Schwarzkopf remains the undisputed leader in the hair cosmetics market. Only the Wella company is actively fighting against it. L "Oreal can compete with her two sisters in arms.

These dinosaurs of the cosmetic business have put their hands in research laboratories and can afford to produce products for every taste and whim.

For the biological perm, products from the companies Estel, Paul Mitchell and Moss are also used. The funds of these companies are more expensive, but they offer the same quality as the three named large players.

In any case, chemistry is best done in a salon. Rolling your hair in curlers in front of the bathroom mirror is no match for the risk of using chemicals.

Expert opinion

Hair stylists in beauty salons know which shampoos and masks to use and can advise shops professional cosmetics and where these very funds can be purchased. Many craftsmen are ready to sell you funds from personal stocks and sometimes cheaper than in the named stores.

Create your look without risk and stay beautiful!

What are the types of perm for hair. Types of substances. But how the process itself takes place