Unified Tariff and Qualification Directory of Work and Professions of Workers (UTKS), 2019
Part No. 2 of Issue No. 37 of ETKS
The issue was approved by Resolution of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation dated August 29, 2001 N 65
Cane harvester
§ 1. Cane harvester of the 3rd category
Characteristics of work. Cutting reeds, cattails and bushes with a cutter, mower, and urak. Binding into sheaves, removal and placement of sheaves and unbundled reeds into heaps, sheaves, stacks and stacks. Preparing a rope of cougars and cattails for tying sheaves.
Must know: signs of cane maturity; rules and techniques for cutting reeds, cattails and cougars by hand; sizes and methods of tying sheaves; rules for laying sheaves and loose reeds in heaps, shingles, stacks and stacks.
Comments on the profession
The given tariff and qualification characteristics of the profession “ Cane harvester» serve for tariffication of work and assignment of tariff categories in accordance with Article 143 Labor Code Russian Federation. Based on the above job characteristics and the requirements for professional knowledge and skills, a job description for a cane harvester is drawn up, as well as documents required for interviews and testing when hiring. When drawing up work (job) instructions, pay attention to the general provisions and recommendations for this issue of ETKS (see section “Introduction”).
We draw your attention to the fact that the same and similar names of working professions may appear in different issues of ETKS. You can find similar names through
The machete is a knife whose length is 50 centimeters. As for the thickness of the butt, it rarely exceeds a few millimeters. It is often used on plantations for harvesting sugar cane. It turns out that it is an analogue of a sickle.
This agricultural implement is made from fairly low-quality steel. Because of this, such tools can only be used for cutting down plants. Relatively recently, the machete has gained significant popularity in Russia.
It is not for nothing that the above-mentioned tool is actively used in the forest. This is due to some advantages of the machete compared to other specialized knives. Machetes are characterized by their light weight, small dimensions and versatility of use.
A machete can be compared to a camping axe. The latter weighs a little more. True, if you take a small camping ax, it will weigh even less than a machete. For example, the approximate weight of a machete is 600 grams, while a small ax may be about 100 grams lighter. It turns out that in comparison with a camp ax, a machete is not such a good option.
As for the dimensions, the machete is several centimeters longer than the ax. Not everyone will find it convenient to use a long knife. Despite its versatility, you won’t be able to chop logs with a machete. More precisely, this process will take too much time.
Main types of machetes
The most popular are machetes, which combine the properties of an ax and a long knife. These include the so-called “kukri” machetes and Central American knives. They are distinguished by a very specific curve of the blade, which makes chopping sugar cane much more efficient. For example, the kukri machete has heavy weight top part. This is due to their high productivity in the cutting process.
Typically, folding machetes without a pronounced tip are used for harvesting sugar cane. Engineered versions of long machete knives have become widespread because they can perform several useful functions at the same time. The Taiga machete allows you to chop, cut, saw and dig. Such multifunctional devices are often used in survival kits for crews and special units.
A knife for cutting cane (machete) as such in Moscow, of course, is unlikely to be useful. It will be in demand in case of long extreme trips in the wild, when you need to clear a path, thickets that interfere with travel, or prepare an overgrown river bank for fishing. Thanks to the large blade, which widens towards the top, the machete has excellent cutting properties. It is indispensable when clearing a place for a tourist overnight stay, preparing small dry wood or wood chips for a fire.
Boning knives
A heavy boning knife with a wide blade and a strong edge should have good toughness. This will maintain the integrity of the cutting edge even with strong impacts. Models made like hatchets are perfect for such purposes.
When choosing, it is important to pay attention to the quality of the steel, the shape of the blade and the handle. The combination of these criteria and the overall design of the product will determine not only its cost, but also how well the blade will cope with its functions. Our specialists confidently understand all the intricacies of choice and will help you buy a model that you will like.
Sugar cane is an annual cereal plant with a long history of cultivation. It is the only source of sugar production in Africa and some Asian countries. India is considered to be the ancestral home of sugar cane; the soldiers of Alexander the Great were the first to try the honey plant when, during the process of conquest, the locals introduced them to sugar cane.
Rational use of the sugar plant is waste-free. Sugar, drinks and sweets are a small fraction of what can be obtained from sugar cane processing. Sugar cane processing products are in great demand in the domestic and foreign markets.
Sugar made from sugar cane
Brown cane sugar is considered to be a more natural product, unlike beet sugar. Crystalline sweet grains are obtained from cane through multi-level processing. Cane sugar is considered one of the most ancient sweets of the East.
Brown cane sugar glucose is of higher quality, it fuels the brain and liver activity of the body and contributes to an overall burst of energy. This sugar is considered less harmful due to the content of plant fibers.
One of distinctive features Cane sugar is its high content of glucose and sucrose, totaling up to 2% of the weight of the stem. This fact suggests cleaning without large quantity lime, and without a bleaching component, thereby increasing the competitive component of the naturalness of brown cane sugar over white beet sugar.
The main production of cane processing plants is raw sugar. Only some industrial factories bring cane sugar to the state of refined sugar. But in both cases, the primary processing of raw sugar is the same, the only difference is that the raw sugar undergoes additional processing in the form of recrystallization, that same raw sugar.
Processing of sugar raw materials begins with the fact that before pressing, panicles and leaves must be removed, that is, only the stem gets under the press to extract juice. The juice is then evaporated to form a concentrated syrup. The syrup in turn undergoes cooking and crystallization. After complete processing, cane sugar is packaged and supplied to markets.
One cup of coffee or tea with cane sugar will charge you with energy and a positive mood for the whole day; besides, cane sweetness contains microelements and B vitamins.
How to plant sugar cane correctly
An unpretentious sugarcane, similar to bamboo and wild cane, grows vertically upward with a stem covered with long leaves. Sweet cane, a waste-free unique plant. Cardboard and paper are obtained from its pulp, and it is used as biofuel and fertilizer.
To plant sugarcane, you need to pay due attention to the planting material and soil. The thicker the reed trunk, the more suitable the plant for planting.
The top and side leaves are removed, and the reed itself is divided into pieces of about 35 cm using a knife or pruning shears.
A furrow up to 20 cm deep is watered abundantly and fertilized with compost, then the cuttings are laid horizontally and covered with soil. In two weeks the first “sugar” shoots will appear. The shoots grow from the formed nodes of the reed stem and require regular watering.
It takes about 4 months for a sugar plant to reach maturity. Caring for the plant is important only at first, while the seedlings are young; when the reed reaches maturity, it will kill the weeds and be able to withstand drought.
Planting sugar cane with seeds involves advance agrotechnical measures to prepare the soil with the addition of nitroammophos, compost and selection of seeds.
And in the spring, when the soil warms up, planting is done in holes 2 cm deep, and the plantings are cared for according to schedule and as needed. In July, the plant begins to grow actively, adding 3 cm per day. Moderate fertilizing, regular watering and breaking off panicles are a prerequisite for growing sugar cane. Watering with superphosphate when the reed leaf turns red is mandatory.
The reed reaches a height of 2 or even 3 meters at maturity, and three months after germination, when the seeds turn brown, you can begin to harvest. Each day of delay in harvesting sugar cane leads to a loss of up to 3% of sugar by the plant.
Sugar cane cultivation
Oddly enough, growing sugar cane in Russia on an industrial scale is considered inappropriate. However, many gardeners do not deny themselves the pleasure of observing the growing season of this plant and even make homemade sugar.
In order for the reed to grow, it needs to be allocated a well-lit place on the site. Before planting, you need to prepare the area, dig it up, apply mineral fertilizers, and in the fall organic matter is added.
A simple way of planting is by seed; today there is a sufficient amount of seed material on sale to suit any needs of a summer resident. When the soil warms up to 12 degrees, you can start sowing. In two weeks the shoots will appear.
If the cane is grown in favorable conditions, it is not susceptible to disease and grows at a rapid rate. It is better to trim the cane in a timely manner so that the trunk is strong and thick, and plant it at a distance of at least 35 cm between plants and half a meter between rows.
It is enough to water the reed three times a week, and weed it as needed, until the plant reaches half a meter in height, after which the sugar plant will be able to get rid of weeds on its own, taking useful substances from the soil and killing other vegetation.
Aerated soil has a good effect on the growth rate of reeds, so do not neglect the hilling of young plants. After three to four months, the sugar cane will begin to ripen and throw back panicles with grains; during this period, you should begin collecting cane for sugar.
Harvesting of sugarcane should begin four months after germination. On an industrial scale, harvesting is carried out with specialized equipment, and small areas of reed are harvested manually. Before flowering, sugar stalks are cut with special knives or cutting devices, at the root and cleared of foliage.
Cultivated sugar cane, when properly processed, can produce a much higher yield of sugar than sugar beets. About 70% of the world's sugar reserves come from cultivated sugar cane.
In order to obtain high-quality sugar during the processing process, harvesting times must be accurately calculated. Every day the harvest is delayed, the percentage of sugar in the cane is reduced. It’s another matter when sugar cane is planted for feed purposes.
To harvest sugar cane, the following are used: cane harvesters and machines, and it is also possible to use sorghum harvesting equipment; with their help, the harvest (safra) is harvested using the direct mowing method.
Sugarcane seeds: collection, storage
Sugarcane seeds are short-lived, their viability lasts up to six months. You can harvest sugar cane when the cane produces panicles and they turn brown. However, in central Russia it is difficult to achieve full ripening of reed seeds due to inappropriate climatic conditions. And in the southern regions of our country, with normal planting, without additional agrotechnical measures, sugar cane seeds rarely ripen completely.
One “sugar” panicle, with proper care, produces about 600 seeds, which, when planted, are quite enough for one hundred square meters of land. When collecting seeds, the panicles are broken off, threshed and sifted; you can pick the panicle with your hands and then dry the seeds. Due to the fragility of the seeds, they can be stored in a fabric bag, no later than until next year.
Sugar cane processing
Cane sugar without additional processing is unsuitable for consumption and further storage. Therefore, additional processing or refining is considered the optimal cycle to complete the production of cane sugar.
The technology for producing sugar from cane is similar to the method for producing sugar from sugar beets. Both raw material processing technologies include several identical steps:
- Product grinding
- Extracting juice from a processed product
- Purifying juice from additional impurities
- Condensation of juice to syrup concentration by evaporation
- Crystallization of the concentrate and conversion to sugar
- Drying the finished product
By crushing, pressing and further squeezing cane raw materials, juice is extracted. Thanks to a special technology for processing cane with water, almost one hundred percent extraction of juice from raw materials is achieved using a press. The juice undergoes a purification procedure through a pulp trap and accumulates in measuring cups.
The pulp, in turn, returns to the press and undergoes a secondary extraction along with the primary mass of supplied raw materials. After purification, the juice undergoes a cold or hot defecation procedure with lime. Thus, organic acids are neutralized and a neutral, soluble lime salt is formed. In the process of cold defecation, the juice is mixed with lime milk, mixed and placed in settling tanks. To allow the sugar to settle, the settling tanks are heated, resulting in a thick, concentrated mass at the bottom, with juice on top.
The thick mass is subjected to a filter press, and the juice is drained. In another method, the condensed syrup enters a vacuum apparatus and is boiled into a massecuite. The resulting welded mass is placed in a mother massecuite for crystallization and cooling. Then the sugar is whitened in a centrifuge. The fine sand obtained during the production of sugar is re-loaded into the crystallizer and undergoes a procedure for re-melting the product and is placed in the vacuum apparatus of all massecuite for boiling subsequent syrups.
The production of cane sugar described above is somewhat different from the production of sugar from beets. The first difference is that the cane is pressed on roller presses, and the beets are extracted in a diffusion battery. The second difference is the stages of juice purification, and processing with a smaller amount of lime than in the production of granulated sugar from beets.
Cane sugar: benefit or harm?
Cane sugar consists of 90% sucrose, it is absorbed faster. In addition, it also contains trace elements: potassium, calcium and iron. It is better to use unrefined cane sugar, it is more natural. In the store, it is better to give preference to cane sugar in transparent packaging so that you can closely examine the product; this will help distinguish natural cane sugar from colored beet sugar.
The first difference between cane sugar is its unformed appearance and a strong aroma of molasses, incomparable to the smell of white sugar. In addition, natural cane sugar has a brown tint, but there is also white cane sugar. How can you tell them apart? A cup of water, dissolving a brown piece of sugar in it, will help you distinguish a fake from a natural product; the water should remain unchanged, but if coloring occurs, then this is a fake.
Cane sugar goes through fewer processing cycles than beet sugar, so there is an opinion that it retains more nutrients.
Cane sugar improves brain activity, improves mood, and gives a boost of energy by replenishing the body's energy reserves. Cane sugar is contraindicated for people suffering from diabetes and intolerance to glucose and galactose.
